Coach-athlete relationship, social support, and sport-related psychological well-being in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I student-athletes

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic characteristics by gender and total.

Characteristic	Male (n = 38)	Female (n = 115)	Total (n = 153)
Age in years, mean (SD)	19.79 (1.66)	19.35 (1.42)	19.46 (1.49)
Year of study
1st year	11 (28.9%)	36 (31.3%)	47 (30.7%)
2nd year	13 (34.2%)	29 (25.2%)	42 (27.5%)
3rd year	2 (5.3%)	19 (16.5%)	21 (13.7%)
4th year	8 (21.1%)	25 (21.7%)	33 (21.6%)
Other	4 (10.5%)	6 (5.2%)	10 (6.5%)
Ethnicity
Indian American/Native American/Indigenous Person/Alaska Native	1 (2.6%)	–	1 (0.7%)
Asian or Asian American	–	4 (3.5%)	4 (2.6%)
Black/African American	18 (47.4%)	13 (11.3%)	31 (20.3%)
Hispanic/Latino	2 (5.3%)	9 (7.8%)	11 (7.2%)
Multi-ethnic	3 (7.9%)	5 (4.3%)	8 (5.2%)
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander	–	1 (0.9%)	1 (0.7%)
White	13 (34.2%)	81 (70.4%)	94 (61.4%)
Other	1 (2.6%)	2 (1.7%)	3 (2.0%)
Sport
Baseball	27 (71.1%)	–	27 (17.6%)
Golf	1 (2.6%)	16 (13.9%)	17 (11.1%)
Lacrosse	2 (5.3%)	4 (3.5%)	6 (3.9%)
Soccer	–	8 (7.0%)	8 (5.2%)
Softball	–	10 (8.7%)	10 (6.5%)
Swimming and Diving	6 (15.8%)	21 (18.3%)	27 (17.6%)
Tennis	2 (5.3%)	2 (1.7%)	4 (2.6%)
Track and Field	–	9 (7.8%)	9 (5.9%)
Field Hockey	–	7 (6.1%)	7 (4.6%)
Ice Hockey	–	2 (1.7%)	2 (1.3%)
Volleyball	–	36 (31.3%)	36 (23.5%)
Total no. years playing sport, mean (SD)	13.78 (3.34)	10.41 (3.34)	11.25 (3.64)
No. years on current team, mean (SD)	2.08 (1.67)	2.01 (1.27)	2.03 (1.38)
Current mental health support
Psychologist	–	7 (6.1%)	7 (4.6%)
Psychiatrist	1 (2.6%)	2 (1.7%)	3 (2.0%)
Sport Psychologist	1 (2.6%)	4 (3.5%)	5 (3.3%)
Counsellor	2 (5.3%)	5 (4.3%)	7 (4.6%)
Other	–	1 (0.9%)	1 (0.7%)
Previous mental health support
Psychologist	5 (13.2%)	17 (14.8%)	22 (14.4%)
Social worker	–	1 (0.9%)	1 (0.7%)
Psychiatrist	–	6 (5.2%)	6 (3.9%)
Sport Psychologist	7 (18.4%)	18 (15.7%)	25 (16.3%)
Counsellor	4 (10.5%)	24 (20.9%)	28 (18.3%)
Other	2 (5.3%)	2 (1.7%)	4 (2.6%)

Table 2. Descriptive statistics, tests of normality, and spearman’s rank-order correlation coefficients.

Variable	Potential range	Mean	SD	Shapiro–Wilk ρ	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13
1.Well-being (total)	0–70	54.23	12.59	<.001	–
2. Psychological well-being	0–30	24.08	5.58	<.001	.88*	–
3. Subjective well-being	0–15	10.86	3.41	<.001	.80*	.63*	–
4. Social well-being	0–25	19.29	5.28	<.001	.88*	.63*	.59*	–
5. Coach-relationship (total)	1–77	64.58	13.13	<.001	.55*	.46*	.44*	.51*	–
6. Closeness	1–28	24.57	5.04	<.001	.52*	.41*	.40*	.51*	.92*	–
7. Commitment	1–21	16.46	3.98	<.001	.49*	.42*	.37*	.46*	.92*	.82*	–
8. Complementarity	1–28	23.55	4.78	<.001	.49*	.42*	.40*	.44*	.94*	.82*	.77*	–
9. Social support (total)	0–64	48.94	11.04	<.001	.36*	.35*	.26*	.35*	.37*	.40*	.35*	.29*	–
10. Tangible support	0–16	11.57	3.31	<.001	.34*	.31*	.27*	.34*	.29*	.31*	.26*	.25*	.87*	–
11. Emotional support	0–16	12.73	3.26	<.001	.28*	.27*	.23*	.28*	.35*	.38*	.37*	.25*	.90*	.66*	–
12. Informational support	0–16	12.68	2.84	<.001	.30*	.28*	.25*	.30*	.33*	.37*	.27*	.30*	.87*	.75*	.73*	–
13. Esteem support	0–16	11.97	3.04	<.001	.36*	.40*	.24*	.32*	.30*	.34*	.32*	.20*	.89*	.68*	.83*	.67*	–

Note. *p<.01.

Table 3. Descriptive statistics by sport type and univariate effects.

Dependent variable	Sport type	Descriptive statistics	Univariate effects
		means	SD	F	df	Error df	Sig
Well-being (total)	Team	55.50	12.01	3.24	1	150	.07
	Individual	51.71	13.32
Psychological well-being	Team	24.55	5.48	2.40	1	150	.12
	Individual	23.11	5.67
Subjective well-being	Team	11.06	3.28	1.22	1	150	.27
	Individual	10.43	3.64
Social well-being	Team	19.89	4.86	3.77	1	150	.05
	Individual	18.18	5.81
Coach-athlete relationship (total)	Team	65.57	13.08	.01	1	149	.94
	Individual	64.73	13.25
Closeness	Team	24.51	5.29	.07	1	149	.79
	Individual	24.73	4.60
Commitment	Team	16.56	3.74	.11	1	149	.75
	Individual	16.34	4.37
Complementarity	Team	23.51	4.72	.04	1	149	.85
	Individual	23.66	4.89
Social support (total)	Team	49.21	10.93	.26	1	150	.61
	Individual	48.25	11.39
Tangible support	Team	11.70	3.23	.55	1	150	.46
	Individual	11.29	3.46
Emotional support	Team	12.79	3.25	.16	1	150	.69
	Individual	12.57	3.31
Informational support	Team	12.59	2.87	.13	1	150	.72
	Individual	12.77	2.83
Esteem support	Team	12.13	2.83	.96	1	150	.33
	Individual	11.63	3.38