Does travel desire influence COVID-19 vaccination intentions?

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual framework.

Table 1. Study 1: demographic profile of the sample

		Percentage (n = 1,008)
Gender	Male	48.9
	Female	49.4
	Other	1.7
Marital status	Cohabiting	9.9
	Divorced/ Separated/ Widowed	7.7
	Married	37.7
	Single	44.6
Age	18–25	22.5
	26–35	32.8
	36–45	22.7
	46–55	12.2
	Over 55	9.7
Education	Less than high school OR High school graduate (high school diploma or equivalent including GED)	12.4
	Some college but no degree	19.9
	Associate degree in college (2-year)	10.2
	Bachelor’s degree in college (4-year)	36.9
	Master’s/Doctoral/Professional (JD, MD) degree	20.5
Annual income	Unemployed	11.8
	Less than $ 19,999	18.8
	$20,000–39,999	20.2
	$40,000–59,999	16.6
	$60,000–79,999	13.6
	$80,000 or more	18.9
Occupation	Construction, extraction, maintenance, farming, fishing, and forestry	3.6
	Frontline essential workers	2.3
	Government	4.8
	Healthcare professional	5.8
	Management, professional, and related	26.4
	Production, transportation, and material moving	4.1
	Retired	2.9
	Sales and office	14.2
	Service	13.3
	Unemployed	22.8

Table 2. Study 1 correlations and square root of AVEs

Constructs	SN	PVR	TD	A	I
Subjective Norms (SN)	(0.86)
Perceived Vaccine Risk (PVR)	−.63**	(0.84)
Travel Desire (TD)	.18**	−.12**	(0.84)
Attitude toward COVID-19 Vaccines (A)	.79**	−.73**	.13**	(0.93)
COVID-19 Vaccination Intentions (I)	.83**	−.72**	.17**	.88**	(0.94)

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Square-root of AVEs are in bracket.

Table 3. Study 2 correlations

Constructs	SN	PVR	TD	A	I
Subjective Norms (SN)	1
Perceived Vaccine Risk (PVR)	−.43**	1
Travel Desire (TD)	.24**	−.10	1
Attitude toward COVID-19 Vaccines (A)	.61**	−.06**	.09	1
COVID-19 Vaccination Intentions (I)	.62**	−.55**	.18**	.80**	1

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 4. Model coefficients for the conditional process model

Antecedents	Outcomes
		Attitude toward COVID-19 vaccines (M)				COVID-19 Vaccination Intentions (Y)
		Coeff.	S.E.	P		Coeff.	S.E.	P
Model 1: Effect of Subjective Norms R^2 = .68, F(4,315) = 169.002, p < .001
Subjective Norms	a	.65	.04	<.001	c’	.20	.04	<.001
Attitude toward COVID-19 Vaccines (Mediator)		-	-	-	b1	.45	.08	<.001
Travel Desire (Moderator)		-	-	-	b2	−.11	.07	.11
Attitude x Travel Desire		-	-	-	b3	.06	.02	.005
Constant	iM	.91	.14	<.001	iY	.19	.25	.44
Model 2: Effect of Perceived Vaccine Risk R^2 = .66, F(4,315) =153.86, p < .001
Perceived Vaccine Risk	a	−.76	.05	<.001	c’	−.05	.05	.27
Attitude toward COVID-19 Vaccines		-	-	-	b1	.53	.09	<.001
Travel Desire		-	-	-	b2	−.08	.07	.23
Attitude x Travel Desire		-	-	-	b3	.06	.02	.006
Constant	iM	5.42	.18	<.001	iY	.64	.36	.07

Y: Outcome variable; M: Mediator; a: Effect of X on M; b1: Effect of M on Y; c’: Direct effect of X on Y; b2: Effect of W on Y; b3: Moderated mediation effect of W on the relationship of M and Y. iM, iY = Coefficients for the constant.

Table

Item No.	Item Description	Mean	S.D.	Skewness	Kurtosis	Cron. Alpha	AVE	Factor Loading
Subjective Norms (S.N.)						0.92	0.74
SN1	Most people who are important to me think that I should get vaccinated against COVID-19 virus.	3.61	1.41	−0.70	−0.81			0.89
SN2	Most of my family members would approve the decision to get vaccinated against COVID-19 virus.	3.79	1.35	−0.85	−0.51			0.81
SN3	It is expected of me to get vaccinated against COVID-19 virus.	3.52	1.42	−0.56	−0.97			0.85
SN4	Most of my friends would like me to get vaccinated against COVID-19 virus.	3.56	1.36	−0.60	−0.7			0.88
Perceived Vaccine Risk (PVR)
R1	To what extend do you think that the COVID-19 vaccine will have harm on your health?	2.62	1.27	0.33	−0.90	0.88	0.72	0.91
R2	How worried are you about the negative effect of the COVID-19 vaccine on your health?	3.00	1.47	0.00	−1.39			0.83
R3	How likely is that you would regret if you did get the COVID-19 vaccine?	2.61	1.43	0.37	−1.18			0.79
Travel Desire (TD)						0.96	0.87
T1	I want to travel in the next 12 months.	3.91	1.31	−1.07	−0.03			0.94
T2	I wish to travel different places in the next 12 months.	3.87	1.31	−1.01	−0.15			0.94
T3	I am eager to go on vacation in the next 12 months.	3.76	1.35	−0.89	−0.42			0.91
T4	I wish to visit places in different states in the next 12 months.	3.87	1.32	−1.05	−0.09			0.91
Attitude Toward Vaccines (A)						0.97	0.88
A1	Bad – Good	3.83	1.34	−0.84	−0.53			0.94
A2	Harmful – Beneficial	3.81	1.37	−0.85	−0.57			0.94
A3	Foolish – Wise	3.82	1.32	−0.83	−0.42			0.93
A4	Threatening – Assuring	3.74	1.35	−0.74	−0.67			0.92
COVID-19 Vaccination Intentions (I)						0.97	0.89
I1	How likely you will get the vaccine?	3.52	1.586	−0.584	−1.265			0.93
I2	How likely you will recommend getting vaccinated to someone who seeks your advice?	3.54	1.500	−0.601	−1.081			0.94
I3	How likely you will encourage your friends and relatives to get vaccinated?	3.45	1.542	−0.492	−1.253			0.94
I4	How likely you will say positive things about getting vaccinated?	3.47	1.464	−0.548	−1.062			0.95

Measurement model fit statistics: χ2 =336.12; df = 171; RMSEA = 0.03; CFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.99; SRMR = 0.0.