Magnesium Supplementation: Effect on the Expression of Inflammation Genes in Erlich's Tumor

Abstract

Magnesium supplementation may be beneficial for cancer patients due to its action as a modulator of cell proliferation and metabolism and its anti-inflammatory effect. Tumor metabolism can influence the bioavailability and absorption of nutrients, leading to an increase in the individual's nutritional needs. In this work, the effects of supplementing different dosages of magnesium chloride in mice with solid Ehrlich’s tumors were investigated by analyzing their hematological, inflammatory and anthropometric biomarkers. Three dosages of magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) were administered for 28 consecutive days. Animal welfare was assessed according to the criteria stipulated by the National Center for the Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs). The inverted grid method was used to analyze muscle strength and fatigue. Difference in expression of the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) and the Growth Transformation Factor (TGF-β1) genes was determined by the 2^-ΔCt method. The hematological evaluation consisted of the erythrogram, white blood cell and platelet counts were used for the hematological evaluation and treatment cytotoxicity. Difference in the expression of the TNF-α and TGF-β genes showed that the group that received a high dose of magnesium had a decrease in TNF-α and RNL, an improvement in well-being with a tendency to increase muscle strength and less tumor progression according to the days of treatment. The group that received a low dosage of magnesium had a smaller tumor volume and a more controlled tumor growth according to the days. The group that received an intermediate dosage presented cytotoxicity.

Keywords:

• Fatigue
• inflammation
• magnesium
• nutrigenomics
• supplementation
• tumor
• well-being

Acknowledgements

We thank CAPES - Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, for supporting this work.

Declaration of interest

All authors must disclose any financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence (bias) their work.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Patricia Ferrante Draghi

Patricia Ferrante Draghi, Nutritionist, Specialist in clinical nutrition in pediatrics at the University of São Paulo and a Master's degree in Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neoplasms by the Faculdade de Medicina do ABC. Student of the Chronic Diseases Biomarkers Research Group at the Laboratory of Clinical Analysis / Molecular Biology at the ABC Medical School. Experience in the field of bromatology, pediatrics, nutrigenomics, researching the action of nutrients in inflammatory environments, neoplasms and chronic kidney diseases.

Julio Cesar Bastos Fernandes

Julio Cesar Bastos Fernandes, Post-doctorate in Microfabrication (2001–2002) - National Synchrotron Light Laboratory - LNLS and Faculty of Mechanical Engineering). Graduate studies in Analytical Chemistry: Master (1996) and Doctorate (2000). Graduation in Chemistry (Licenciatura, 2003) and (Bachelor of Technology, 1993), all from the State University of Campinas at the Faculty of Education and at the Institute of Chemistry. Experience in the area of Chemistry, with emphasis on Electroanalytical, working mainly on the following topics: Analysis by injection in flow and batch; Determination of biomolecules of clinical, pharmaceutical and nutritional interest; Ion-selective electrodes; Potentiometric sensors; Potentiometry, Experimental Optimization Methods (Factorial Planning); Multivariate calibration; Catalytic Thermometric Titration; and in the process area, in Microfabrication using Photolithography and Graphic Technology.

Giuliana Petri

Giuliana Petri, Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the University of São Paulo (1994), Master in Experimental and Comparative Pathology at the University of São Paulo (1997) and PhD in Veterinary Clinic at the University of São Paulo (2002). Titular Professor of the Discipline of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Metropolitan University of Santos (UNIMES) since 2004. Professor and Permanent Advisor of the Academic Master's Degree in Veterinary Medicine in the Coastal Environment at the Metropolitan University of Santos since April 2017. Coordinator of the Vivarium of the ABC Medical School, where he also supervises all research involving laboratory animals at this Faculty. Coordinator of the Animal Use Ethics Committee at FMABC management 2019–2020. Postdoctoral student in Health Sciences at ABC Medical School - ABC Health University Center - Santo André - SP

Emerson Barbosa da Silva

Emerson Barbosa da Silva, Biomedical graduate from Universidade Paulista - UNIP and Master in Health Sciences from Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, has a Specialization in Clinical Analysis, an MBA in Higher Education Management from Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, a Specialization in Teaching Methodology in Higher Education from Faculdade das Américas and Specialization in Hospital Management from Universidade Anhembi Morumbi. Currently he works as a professor at the Centro Universitário Saúde ABC teaching the Parasitology Discipline for the courses of Medicine, Pharmacy, Nursing and Nutrition, he also acts as a professor in the Postgraduate course in Clinical Analysis at the Centro Universitário Saúde ABC teaching the disciplines of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology, Parasitology and Clinical Immunology. Assistant Professor at Ibirapuera University teaching the disciplines of Interpretation of Laboratory Exams, Special Topics in Biomedicine, Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Microbiology and Clinical Mycology for Biomedicine, Pharmacy and Nursing courses. Coordinator of the Academic League in Clinical Pathology at FMABC and Member of the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals at Centro Universitário Saúde ABC. Member of the Brazilian Committee for Clinical Analysis and In Vitro Diagnosis - ABNT / CB-36.

Matheus Moreira Perez

Matheus Moreira Perez, Graduated in Biomedicine at Universidade Paulista (2015) and stricto sensu postgraduate (Master's) in Health Sciences, in the area of concentration of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Neoplasms by the Centro Universitário Saúde do ABC (FMABC). Biomedical at the Centro Universitário Saúde do ABC (FMABC). Experience in the field of Biochemistry, with an emphasis on Molecular Biology, acting mainly on the following topics: RNA extraction from different types of tissue, gene expression, oncology.

Glaucia Raquel Luciano da Veiga

Glaucia Raquel Luciano da Veiga, Researcher at the Laboratory of Clinical Analysis and Molecular Biology at Centro Universitário Saúde ABC / Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, she develops projects that involve the identification of biomarkers of diabetic nephropathy, diabetes Mellitus and other kidney diseases. Degree in Biological Sciences (undergraduate and bachelor's degree) from the University of Grande ABC (2003), a master's degree in Pharmacology from the Federal University of São Paulo (2012). PhD in Pharmacology from the Federal University of São Paulo (2016) and Post-Doctorate in Health Sciences from Faculdade de Medicina ABC (2019). Experience in the field of Physiology (Cardiovascular and Renal), Pharmacology and Molecular Biology, working on the following topics: Biomarkers, Metabolic Diseases, Chronic Kidney Failure, Arterial Hypertension, Septicemia and Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Collaborator of the Discipline of Ophthalmology at the Centro Universitário Saúde ABC / Faculdade de Medicina ABC. Advisor of the Graduate Program of the Medical Assistance Institute for the State Civil Servant of São Paulo (IAMSPE).

Beatriz da Costa Aguiar Alves

Beatriz da Costa Aguiar Alves, Degree in Biological Sciences from the University of São Paulo (1993), a master's degree in Biological Sciences (Genetic Biology) from the University of São Paulo (1999) and a PhD in Biological Sciences (Genetic Biology) from the University of São Paulo (2004). Currently a collaborating professor at the ABC School of Medicine and an associate researcher at the Center for Studies and Research in Hematology and Oncology at FMABC. Experience in the field of functional and structural genetics, with an emphasis on Animal Reproduction, acting mainly on the following themes: rapd, sry, embryo sexing, analysis of transcriptome, identification of molecular markers, differential expression.

Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca

Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca, Postdoctoral degree from the Israelite Institute of Teaching and Research (IIEP-HIAE) completed in 2009 and a postdoctoral degree from the Roche Center for Medical Genomics (Basel-Switzerland) Hoffman - La Roche completed in 2006 and a doctorate in Medicine (Hematology) from the Faculty of Medicine at the University of São Paulo (2005), Pharmaceutical-Biochemist with a degree in clinical analysis from Universidade Paulista (2001). Currently Adjunct Professor IV at the Federal University of São Paulo at Campus Diadema, Coordinator of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory at FMABC and Full Professor of the Clinical Analysis Discipline at the Department of Pathology at FMABC, in addition to being Permanent Advisor of the Master's and Doctoral Program in Health Sciences at FMABC. Experience in the Pharmacy-Biochemistry area, with an emphasis on clinical analysis: clinical biochemistry, hematology, molecular biology of neoplasms and public health. He works in the field of laboratory research in public health.