Towards an international understanding of the power of celebrity persuasions: a review and a research agenda

Figures & data

Table 1. Distribution of source effects from Amos et al. (2008).

Sample characteristics	All effects	Significant effects	Non-significant effects
Student	157	129	28
Non-student	145	77	68
Total	302	206	96
US	187	150	37
Non-US	127	55	72
Total	314	205	109

Note: Data courtesy of Clinton Amos, 5 October 2012.

Chi-square test results:

student/non-student, χ² = 29.36; df = 1; p < 0.001; US/non-US, χ² = 45.45; df = 1; p < 0.001.

Table 2. Journals surveyed for this research.

Journal title
Advances in Consumer Research
American Journal of Business
Annual Review of Psychology
International Journal of Advertising
Journal of Advertising
Journal of Advertising Research
Journal of Business Research
Journal of Consumer Marketing
Journal of Consumer Psychology
Journal of Consumer Research
Journal of Managerial Finance
Journal of Marketing Research
Journal of Political Marketing
Journal of Popular Culture
Journal of Product and Brand Management
Journal of Services Management
Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science
Marketing Management
Psychology and Marketing

Table 3. Countries in which the work in the published papers analysed in this article was conducted.

Region	Country	Number of papers
North America	USA	63
	Canada	2
Europe	UK	2
	Germany	2
	Ireland	2
	Norway	1
	Austria	1
	Netherlands	1
Africa	South Africa	1
Asia	China	1
	Hong Kong	1
	India	1
	Iran	1
	Japan	1
	South Korea	1
	Pakistan	1
	Singapore	1
Total		83

Table 4. Number of students and non-students from the US and non-US countries making up the samples of the published papers.

Country	Non-student	Student	Total
Non-US	3098	3298	6396
USA	3314	14,598	17,912
Total	6412	17,896	24,308

Table 5. Sampling of different countries and populations over time.

Total	Non-US		US		Total	Cumulative totals			Cumulative proportions (%)
	Non-student	Student	Non-student	Student		Cumulative total	Cumulative US subjects	Cumulative US students	% US subjects	US students of US subjects	US students of all subject
1951	–	–	–	223	223	223	223	223	100	100	100
1976	–	–	–	150	150	373	373	373	100	100	100
1977	–	–	200	–	200	573	573	373	100	65	65
1978	–	–	75	166	241	814	814	539	100	66	66
1979	–	–	360	–	360	1174	1174	539	100	46	46
1981	–	–	–	99	99	1273	1273	638	100	50	50
1982	–	–	–	135	135	1408	1408	773	100	55	55
1983	–	–	196	335	531	1939	1939	1108	100	57	57
1985	–	–	–	277	277	2216	2216	1385	100	63	63
1989	–	–	139	–	139	2355	2355	1385	100	59	59
1990	–	–	265	852	1117	3472	3472	2237	100	64	64
1991	–	–	343	268	611	4083	4083	2505	100	61	61
1992	–	–	100	–	100	4183	4183	2505	100	60	60
1994	–	–	–	1446	1446	5629	5629	3951	100	70	70
1996	–	–	–	147	147	5776	5776	4098	100	71	71
1997	–	–	–	1086	1086	6862	6862	5184	100	76	76
1998	100	–	–	842	942	7804	7704	6026	99	78	77
1999	–	–	–	200	200	8004	7904	6226	99	79	78
2000	–	–	152	425	577	8581	8481	6651	99	78	78
2001	141	–	–	–	141	8722	8481	6651	97	78	76
2002	–	–	–	864	864	9586	9345	7515	97	80	78
2003	–	880	–	106	986	10,572	9451	7621	89	81	72
2004	–	130	218	249	597	11,169	9918	7870	89	79	70
2005	280	706	–	232	1218	12,387	10,150	8102	82	80	65
2006	–	249	–	339	588	12,975	10,489	8441	81	80	65
2007	–	500	–	962	1462	14,437	11,451	9403	79	82	65
2008	631	342	566	1556	3095	17,532	13,573	10,959	77	81	63
2009	100	–	–	1409	1509	19,041	14,982	12,368	79	83	65
2010	316	319	–	–	635	19,676	14,982	12,368	76	83	63
2011	1530	–	700	503	2733	22,409	16,185	12,871	72	80	57
2012	–	172	–	1727	1899	24,308	17,912	14,598	74	81	60
Total	3098	3298	3314	14,598	24,308

Hovland and Weiss 1951; Friedman et al. 1976; Fireworker and Friedman 1977; Friedman et al. 1978; Sternthal et al. 1978; Friedman and Friedman 1979; Mowen and Brown 1981; Freiden 1982; Klebba and Unger 1982; Atkin and Block 1983; DeSarbo and Harshman 1985; Kahle and Homer 1985; Kamins 1989; Kamins et al. 1989; Kamins 1990; Misra and Beatty 1990; Ohanian 1990; Langmeyer and Walker 1991; Ohanian 1991; Gail et al. 1992; Heath et al. 1994; Kamins and Gupta 1994; Lynch and Schuler 1994; Moore et al. 1994; Tripp et al. 1994; Basil 1996; Basil and Brown 1997; Nataraajan and Chawla 1997; O’Mahony and Meenaghan 1997/8; Till and Shimp 1998; TIll and Busler 1998; Cronley et al. 1999; Lafferty and Goldsmith 1999; Goldsmith et al. 2000; Till and Busler 2000; Erdogan et al. 2001; Lafferty et al. 2002; Louie and Obermiller 2002; Stafford et al. 2002; Pornpitakpan 2003; Priester and Petty 2003; Silvera and Austad 2003; Batra and Homer 2004; Bush et al. 2004; Chao et al. 2005; Forehand and Perkins 2005; Jackson and Darrow 2005; La Ferle and Choi 2005; Biswas et al. 2006; Money et al. 2006; Choi and Rifon 2007; Saleem 2007; Van der Waldt et al. 2007; Wood and Herbst 2007; Austin et al. 2008; Chan and Prendergast 2008; Jackson 2008; Klaus and Bailey 2008; Lee and Thorson 2008; Marshall et al. 2008; Martin et al. 2008; Siemens et al. 2008; Till et al. 2008; Zahaf and Anderson 2008; Edwards and La Ferle 2009; Koernig and Boyd 2009; Samman et al. 2009; Wheeler 2009; White et al.2009; Eisend and Langner 2010; Ranjbarian et al. 2010; Veer et al. 2010; Hung et al. 2011; Newman et al. 2011; Nownes 2011; Pughazhendi et al. 2011; Becker 2012; Choi and Rifon 2012; Miller and Allen 2012; Rice et al. 2012; Rossiter and Smidts 2012.

Table 6. Sample size from countries other than the US.

Region	Country	Sample size
North America	Canada	654
Europe	Austria	280
	Germany	224
	Netherlands	172
	Ireland	200
	Norway	130
	UK	503
Africa	South Africa	200
Asia	China	1030
	Hong Kong	631
	India	500
	Iran	193
	Japan	249
	South Korea	250
	Pakistan	300
	Singapore	880
Total		6396

Table 7. Citation count of different sample types.

	Non-student	Student	Total
Non-US	52	78	130
USA	725	2136	2861
Total	777	2214	2991

Figure 1. Trends in sampling in celebrity marketing literature from 2000 onwards.

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