Predictive factors for sperm retrieval from males with azoospermia who are eligible for testicular sperm extraction (TESE)

Figures & data

Table 1. Clinical results of infertile male patients included in the study and comparison of factors between positive sperm retrieval and negative sperm retrieval after TESE.

	Total N of males (N = 62)	Sperm presence (TESE positive) n = 31	Sperm absence (TESE negative) n = 31	p-value
Age [years]	36.8 ± 4.9	37.2 ± 5.4	36.4 ± 4.4	0.519
BMI	26.9 ± 4.2	27.4 ± 5.2	26.4 ± 3.0	0.426
Smoking	15 (24.2%)	4 (12.9%)	11 (35.5%)	0.038
T [nmol/L]	17.4 ± 35.3	22.0 ± 50.3	13.2 ± 6.5	0.335
LH [IU/L]	7.4 ± 5.5	6.4 ± 5.5	8.3 ± 5.5	0.210
FSH [IU/L]	18.6 ± 12.7	16.7 ± 12.4	20.7 ± 12.9	0.241
Prolactin [mIU/L]	260.6 ± 259.5	239.4 ± 291.0	282.9 ± 227.5	0.607
Testis volume right [mL]	11.9 ± 9.8	10.8 ± 7.9	12.7 ± 11.1	0.536
Testis volume left [mL]	8.7 ± 7.1	7.7 ± 3.8	9.7 ± 9.5	0.505
Testical biopsy – right	62 (100%)	31 (100%)	31 (100%)	/
Testical biopsy – left	58 (93.5%)	29 (93.5%)	29 (93.5%)	1.000
Presence of varicocele	18 (29.0%)	7 (22.6%)	11 (35.5%)	0.263
Surgery†	11 (17.7%)	3 (9.7%)	8 (25.8%)	0.084
Presence of microcalcifications	6 (9.7%)	3 (9.7%)	3 (9.7%)	0.965
Mutations of Y chromosome	1 (1.6%)	0	1 (3.2%)	0.322
Mutation of CFTR F 508	2 (3.2%)	2 (6.5%)	0	0.143
TESE complications‡	4 (6.5%)	4 (12.9%)	0	0.039
Chromosomal profile				0.051
46,XY	52 (83.9%)	29 (93.5%)	23 (74.2%)
46,XY,inv(9)	2 (3.2%)	0	2 (6.5%)
46,XY,reciprocal translocation of 11th & 15th ch	1 (1.6%)	0	1 (3.2%)
46,XY,H63D polymorphism of HFE	1 (1.6%)	1 (3.2%)	0
46,XY,16qh+	1 (1.6%)	0	1 (3.2%)
46,XXY	5 (8.1%)	0	5 (16.1%)

BMI – body mass index; T – total testosterone; FSH – follicle stimulating hormone; LH – luteinizing hormone; ch – chromosome

†surgery included operations of varicocele testis lat. sin.; orchidectomia testis l.s. seminoma; orchidopexiam bill; appendectomiam; unilateral orchiopexy; inguinal hernia. ‡3 cases of dehiscences, 1 case of hematoma.

Table 2. Predictive values of factors in infertile male patients for positive retrieval of sperm from testicles before they undergo TESE.

	B	OR	95% CI	p-value
Age [years]	0.035	1.035	0.933–1.149	0.513
BMI	0.058	1.059	0.921–1.218	0.420
Smoking	−1.312	0.269	0.075–0.971	0.045
T [nmol/L]	0.012	1.012	0.979–1.045	0.484
LH [IU/L]	−0.067	0.935	0.841–1.041	0.219
FSH [IU/L]	−0.026	0.975	0.934–1.017	0.238
Prolactin [mIU/L]	−0.001	0.999	0.997–1.002	0.601
Testis volume right [mL]	−0.021	0.980	0.919–1,044	0.528
Testis volume left [mL]	−0.043	0.958	0.845–1.085	0.495
Varicocele	−0.634	0.530	0.173–1.622	0.266
Surgery	−1.222	0.295	0.070–1.243	0.096
Microcalcifications	−0.038	0.963	0.178–5.211	0.965
Mutations of Y chromosome	−21.203	0	0	1.000
Mutation of CFTR F 508	21.312	1	0	0.999
TESE complications	21.341	1	0	0.999
Chromosomal profile	−0.690	0.502	0.248–1.016	0.055

Odds ratios (OR) were calculated with binary logistic regression, where sperm retrieval presented the dependent variable. B value was determined as the correlation coefficient between the independent and dependent variables.