The anti-Mullerian hormone as a predictor of early pregnancy loss in subfertile women

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of study population (N = 848)

Variable	Sub-category	Mean (min–max) or N	SD or %
Age (years)		35.66 (26–46)	3.61
BMI (kg/m^2)		21.31 (15.06–35.20)	2.8
Gravida	G1	543	64.03
	G2	194	22.88
	G3	79	9.32
	G4	21	2.48
	$\ge$G5	11	1.3
Para	P0	757	89.27
	P1	83	9.79
	P2	8	0.94
Spontaneous abortion	A0	608	71.7
	A1	153	18.04
	A2	59	6.96
	A3	18	2.12
	$\ge$A4	10	1.18
DM	(+)	6	0.71
HTN	(+)	8	0.95
Thyroid disease	(+)	107	12.59
AMH (ng/mL)		2.95 (0.14–8.82)	1.89
Pregnancy method	ART	658	77.59
	Natural pregnancy	190	22.41
1st trimester miscarriage	No	642	75.71
	Yes	206	24.29

SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension; AMH: anti-Mullerian hormone; ART: assisted reproductive technology.

Table 2. Comparison of characteristics between control and early pregnancy loss groups

		Control (N = 642)	Early pregnancy loss (N = 206)
Variable	Sub-category	Mean(SD) or N(%)	Mean(SD) or N(%)	p-value
Age (years)		35.34(3.4)	36.66(4.07)	< 0.0001
BMI (kg/m^2)		21.25(2.72)	21.51(3.04)	0.2696
Gravida	G1	419(65.26)	124(60.19)
	G2	148(23.05)	46(22.33)
	G3	53(8.26)	26(12.62)	0.2942
	G4	15(2.34)	6(2.91)
	$\ge$G5	7(1.09)	4(1.94)
Para	P0	574(89.41)	183(88.83)
	P1	64(9.97)	19(9.22)	0.2266
	P2	4(0.62)	4(1.94)
Spontaneous abortion	A0	471(73.36)	137(66.50)
	A1	110(17.13)	43(20.87)
	A2	41(6.39)	18(8.74)	0.4383
	A3	13(2.02)	5(2.43)
	$\ge$A4	7(1.09)	3(1.46)
DM	(+)	2(0.31)	5(1.99)	0.0313
HTN	(+)	6(0.93)	2(1.00)	1
Thyroid disease	(+)	93(14.49)	13(6.31)	0.0022
AMH (ng/mL)		3.08(1.87)	2.52(1.90)	0.0002
FSH (mIU/mL)		8.90(7.80)	9.72(9.70)	0.238
Pregnancy method	ART	497(77.41)	161(78.15)	0.0013
	Natural pregnancy	145(22.59)	45(21.84)

SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension; AMH: anti-Mullerian hormone; FSH: follicle stimulating hormone; ART: assisted reproductive technology.

Table 3. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of early pregnancy loss

	Univariate				Multivariate
	Odds ratio (95% CI)			p-value	Odds ratio (95% CI)			p-value
Age	1.107 (1.059–1.157)			<.0001	1.065 (1.011–1.122)			0.0186
BMI	1.032 (0.977–1.091)			0.2563	1.009 (0.949–1.073)			0.773
AMH	0.843 (0.77–0.922)			0.0002	0.884 (0.793–0.985)			0.0252
FSH	1.01 (0.993–1.028)			0.2612	1.002 (0.983–1.021)			0.8458
Gravida
G1 vs. others	0.805 (0.583–1.111)			0.1874	2.246 (0.696–7.245)			0.1757
Para
P0 vs. others	0.943 (0.571–1.556)			0.8171	0.515 (0.199–1.331)			0.1708
Spontaneous abortion
A0 vs. others	0.721 (0.514–1.011)			0.0578	0.344 0.114 1.034			0.0574
ART vs. NP
IVF-ET vs. NP	1.122 (0.758–1.661)			0.0532	0.857 (0.554–1.325)			0.1434
FET vs. NP	0.994 (0.594–1.662)			0.3274	0.771 (0.438–1.358)			0.4003
IUI vs. NP	0.391 (0.131–1.162)			0.0694	0.228 (0.051–1.014)			0.0726
Chromosome
Normal vs. abnormal	0.008 (0.003–0.017)			<.0001
HTN	0.938 (0.188–4.681)			0.9375	1.046 (0.196–5.57)			0.9579
DM	0.231 (0.051–1.042)			0.0566	1.223 (0.105–14.278)			0.8726
Thyroid disease	2.437 (1.332–4.456)			0.0038	2.218 (1.191–4.132)			0.0121

BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension; AMH: anti-Mullerian hormone; IUI: intrauterine insemination; IVF-ET: in vitro fertilization embryo transfer; FSH: follicle stimulating hormone; FET: frozen embryo transfer; NP: natural pregnancy; CI: confidence interval.

Table 4. Logistic regression analysis of age and AMH in early pregnancy loss

	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Age ^(1)(years)	1.079 (1.025–1.135)	0.004
AMH ^(1)(ng/mL)	0.885 (0.797–0.982)	0.022

⁽¹⁾Adjusted variables: BMI, Gravida, Para, Abortion, DM, HTN, Thyroid disease.

CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension; AMH: anti-Mullerian hormone.

Table 5. Mean age and AMH of eupoild and aneuploid group

	euploid (N = 676)	aneuploid (N = 78)
	Mean ± S.D	Mean ± S.D	p-value
Age	36.36 ± 3.47	37.88 ± 3.59	<.0001
AMH	3.06 ± 1.89	2.36 ± 1.76	0.002

Table 6. Logistic regression analysis of factor for chromosomal abnormality

	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Age	1.225 (1.143–1.314)	<.0001
AMH	0.802 (0.696–0.924)	<.0001