Combustion characteristics of a four-stroke CI engine operated on Honge and Jatropha oil methyl ester–ethanol blends when directly injected and dual fuelled with CNG induction

Figures & data

Table 1 Properties of diesel, Honge (karanja) oil, Jatropha oil and their respective esters and biodiesel–ethanol blends (Banapurmath and Tewari 2010).

Sl. no.	Properties	Diesel	Honge oil	Jatropha oil	HOME	JOME	Ethanol	HOME+15% ethanol	JOME+15% ethanol
1	Viscosity at 40°C (cSt)	4.59	56	50.73	5.6	4.84	1.2	3.7	3.25
2	Flash point (°C)	56	270	240	163	192	13.5	32	33
3	Calorific value (kJ/kg)	45,000	35,800	34,000	36,010	37,200	27,300	33,060	35,550
4	Density (kg/m^3)	830	930	918	890	880	780	–	–
5	Cetane number	45–55	40	45	40–42	40–45	–	–	–
6	Type of oil	Fossil fuel	Non-edible	Non-edible	Non-edible	Non-edible	–	–	–

Table 2 Properties of natural gas.

Properties	Natural gas
Boiling range (K at 101,325 Pa)	147
Density (kg/m^3) at 1 atm and 15°C	0.77
Flash point (K)	124
Octane number	130
Flammability limits range
Rich	0.5873
Lean	1.9695
Flame speed (cm/s)	33.80
Net energy content (MJ/kg)	49.5
Auto ignition temperature (K)	923 (650°C)
Combustion energy (kJ/m^3)	24.6
Vapourisation energy (MJ/m^3)	215–276
Stoichiometric A/F (kg of air/kg of fuel)	17

Figure 1 Overall view of CI engine test rig with dual-fuel arrangement.

Table 3 Specifications of the engine.

Sl. no.	Parameters	Specification
1	Type	TV, 1 Kirloskar made
2	Governor type	Mechanical centrifugal type
3	Number of cylinders and number of strokes	Single cylinder, four stroke
4	Rated power	5.2 kW (7 hp) at 1500 rpm
5	Cylinder bore and stroke length	0.0875 m, 0.11 m
6	Compression ratio	17.5:1
7	Type of dynamometer	Eddy current dynamometer

Figure 2 Fuel tank with mechanical stirrer and its position in the set-up.

Table 4 Specifications of exhaust gas analyser.

Type	DELTA 1600S
Object of measurement	Carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrocarbons (HC)
Range of measurement	HC = 0–20,000 ppm as C3H8 (propane)
	CO = 0–10%
	CO2 = 0–16%
	O2 = 0–21%
	NO x  = 0–5000 ppm (as nitric oxide)
Accuracy	HC = ± 30 ppm HC
	CO = ± 0.2% CO
	CO2 = ± 1% CO2
	O2 = ± 0.2% O2
	NO x  = ± 10 ppm NO
Resolution	HC = 1 ppm
	CO = 0.01% vol.
	CO2 = 0.1% vol.
	O2 = 0.01% vol.
	NO x  = 1 ppm
Warm-up time	10 min (self-controlled) at 20°C
Speed of response time	Within 15 s for 90% response
Sampling	Directly sampled from tail pipe
Power source	100–240 V AC/50 Hz
Weight	800 g
Size	100 mm × 210 mm × 50 mm

Table 5 Specifications of smoke meter.

Type	Hartridge smoke meter-4
Object of measurement	Smoke
Measuring range opacity	0–100%
Accuracy	± 2% relative
Resolution	0.1%
Smoke length	0.43 m
Ambient temperature range	− 5°C to +45°C
Warm-up time	10 min (self-controlled) at 20°C
Speed of response time	Within 15 s for 90% response
Sampling	Directly sampled from tail pipe
Power supply	100–240 V AC/50 Hz 10–16 V DC at 15 amp
Size	100 mm × 210 mm × 50 mm

Figure 3 Carburettor holder with venturi.

Figure 4 Variation of BTE for dual-fuel combinations at 80% load.

Figure 5 Variation of BTE for dual-fuel combinations at 80% load.

Figure 6 Variation of smoke for dual-fuel combinations at 80% load.

Figure 7 Variation of smoke for dual-fuel combinations at 80% load.

Figure 8 Variation of HC for dual-fuel combinations at 80% load.

Figure 9 Variation of HC for dual-fuel combinations at 80% load.

Figure 10 Variation of CO for dual-fuel combinations at 80% load.

Figure 11 Variation of CO for dual-fuel combinations at 80% load.

Figure 12 Variation of NO for dual-fuel combinations at 80% load.

Figure 13 Variation of NO for dual-fuel combinations at 80% load.