Green supply chain for plastic films: A framework for the coexistence of ecosystems and plastic industry for a better environment

Figures & data

Figure 1 Classification of environmental burdens for film plastic.

Table 1 Integrated approaches for plastic film supply chain.

Sr. No.	Criteria	GrSC	LCA	MFA
1.	Basic concept	MFA, LCA and strategies in a dynamic state are developed to monitor and control environmental pollution	MFA and its environmental impacts are assessed for different supply chain partner	Flow of material with volume and rate is depicted for supply chain partner
2.	Applications	To monitor and control environmental burdens	To assess the impact of environmental inventory release	Determining and projecting future demand and flow level
3.	Implementation problems	MFA and LCA not developed	Impacts for many environmental inventory releases are not feasible and measurable	Flow data for plastic film are not available especially for end-of-life stage
4.	Advantages	Most comprehensive and integrated for practices implementation	Many software are available and give bird's-eye view of the supply chain	Easy to evaluate and analyse.
5.	Status of development in the literature	Not developed	Partially developed for conventional environmental burdens	Partially developed to manufacturing phase
6.	Sources	Dillon (1999)	Daniel et al. (2007), Ghosh (2004), James and Grant (2005), Kuta et al. (1995), Sybille et al., (2008)	Mutha et al. (2005), Shashvat (2008).

Figure 2 Five-step procedure for development of GrSC framework.

Table 2 Environmental inventory release for LLDPE film supply chain.

		Long-term exposure limit		Short-term exposure limit
Environmental factors (LLDPE Resin manufacturer + film producer + film recycling [feed-stock] + film recycling [mechanical] + film land filling + film incineration) in grams.	Measurement method	ppm	mg/cum	ppm	mg/cum	Environmental parameters
Air emission
Acrolein (0+0+6.11E-09+0+0+0 =	CG- NPD, FID/MS	0.1	0.25	0.3	0.8	Eco-toxicity
Aldehydes- 6.99E-15+0+3.75E-05+0+0+0 =	GC- FID/MS	100	180	150	270	Eco-toxicity, carcinogens, respiratory
Ammonia-30.14E-10+0+2.594E-06+0+0.225E-03+4.39E-03 =	VIS-Auto, IC	25	17	35	24	Acidification/eutrophication respiratory
Antimony- 2.22E-10+0+8.28E-09+0+0 = 0 =	ICP-AES	–	0.5	–	–
Arsenic- 5.2E-11+0+1.48E-07+0+0+0 =	HYAAS, ICP-AES	–	0.2	–	–	Eco-toxicity, carcinogens
Asbestos- 3.55E-15+0+0+0+0+0 =	PCM		2 fibre		10 fibre	Carcinogens, respiratory
Benzene- 1.14E-17+0+5.54E-08+0+5.29E-05+0.487E-03 =	TD/GC-MS, GC, GC/FID, FTIR	30	–	–	–	Eco-toxicity, carcinogens, respiratory
Benzene, ethyl- 6.66E-19+0+0+0+0+0 =	GC/FID	100	435	125	545	Respiratory
Beryllium- 0+0+4.0E-08+0+0+0 =	ICP-AES	–	0.2
Cadmium- 1.73E-10+0+6.02E-08+0+2.25E-07+5.36E-06 =	ICP-AES		0.05		0.2	Eco-toxicity, carcinogens
Carbon disulfide- 6.57E-11+0+0+0+0+0 =	GC-FPD	20		20
Chlorinated fluorocarbons Soft- 7.87E-09+0+0+0+0+0 =	GC-FID		0.5		1
Chlorine-4.875E-11+0+4.02E-06+0+0+0 =	IC	1	3	3	9	Eco-toxic
Chromium- 2.37E-10+0+2.86E-07+0+0+0 =	FAAS, ICP-AES		0.5			Eco-toxicity, resource, carcinogens
CO - 0.002382+0+0.0043+0+0.0827+2.156 =	IRA, EC	50	55	400	450	Respiratory
CO2 - 1.488+0+1.48+0+128+3038 =	GC-TCD	5000	9000	15,000	27,000	Climate change
Copper- 2.47E-11+0+0+0+0+0 =	ICP-AES, FAAS		0.2			Eco-toxicity, resource
Dioxins, measured as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin- 1.19E-31+0+3.34E-14+0+0.0259+65.24E-06 =	GC-FID		0.2			Eco-toxicity, carcinogens
Ethane, 1,2-dichloro- 1.07E-11+0+5.83E-09+0+0+0 =	GC-FID	200	790	250	1000	Eco-toxicity, carcinogens, respiratory
Ethane, chloro- 0.24E-09+0+5.77E-09+0+0+0 =	GC-FID	100	210	125	260	Carcinogens, respiratory
Ethane- 1.57E-06+0+0+0+0+0 =	GC-FID	100	250	125	325	Respiratory
Fluorene- 8.7E-11+0+0+0+0+0 =	HPLC- FL/UV	1	1.6	2	3.1	Eco-toxicity
Formaldehyde- 0+0+2.39E-06+0+0+0 =	HPLC- FL/UV, GC-FID, VIS, GC-FID/MS,FTIR	2	3	2	3	Eco-toxicity, carcinogens, respiratory
H2SO4- 4.24E-15+0+0+0+0+0 =	IC		1
HCl-35.06E-06+0+3.05E-05+0+5.47E-05+ 1.05E-03 =	IC	5	7	5	7	Eco-toxic
Hydrocarbons- 0.00269+0+0+0.1E-03+5.04E-09+4.22E-06 =	GC- FID	0.5				Respiratory
Hydrocarbons, aromatic- 22.89E-06+0+0+0+8.84E-05+0.949E-03 =	GC-FID		736		163	Respiratory
Hydrocarbons, chlorinated- 7.53E-06+0+0+0+0+0 =	GC-ECD	500		750
Hydrogen- 41.2E-06+0+0+0+0+0 =
Hydrogen cyanide- 2.12E-18+0+0+0+0+0 =	VIS, IC-DC Amp, ISE	10	10	10	10
Hydrogen fluoride-1.32E-06+0+4.26E-06+0+9.43E-06+29.1E-06	ISE, IC	3	2.5	6	5	Eco-toxicity
Hydrogen sulfide-14.66E-10+0+0+0+0+0 =	IC	10	14	15	21	Eco-toxicity
Kerosene- 0+0+1.56E-07+0+0+0 =	GC-FID					Resource
Lead- 4.39E-09+0+7.28E-08+0+1.01E-06+ 4.04E-06 =	FAAS, XRF, GFAAS, ASV, ICP-AES,					Eco-toxicity, resource
Manganese- 0+0+4.63E-07+0+2.17E-08+ 0.198E-06 =	ICP-AES		5		5	Resource
Mercaptans -18.65E-12+0+0+0+0+0 =	GC-FPD	1	5			Eco-toxicity
Mercury- 1.43E-09+0+1.74E-080+0+1.11E-05+1.4E-03 =	AAS		0.05		0.15	Eco-toxicity, resource
Metals- 1.26E-06+0+1.4E-07+0+5.23E-05+0 =	ICP-AES					Resource
Methane- 0.014+0+0.006+0+14.5+0.231 =		400		400		Respiratory, climate change
Methane Halon 1301- 0+0+0+0+0+0.77E-06	GC-FID	1000				Climate change, ozone layer depletion
Methane Halon01- 0+0+0+0+1.01E-06+0	GC-FID	1000				Climate change, ozone layer depletion
Methane tetrachlore CFC-10- 0+0+1.1E-08+0+ 0+0 =	GC-FID	10	65	20	130	Climate change, ozone layer depletion
Methane, dichloro-, HCC-30- 4.21E-14+0+2.59E-08+0+0+0 =	GC-FID	200	700	250	870	Eco-toxicity, carcinogens, respiratory, climate change, Ozone layer depletion
N2O- 3.71E-13+0+9.01E-06+0+0.939E-03+2.98E-03 =	VIS	5	9	5	9	Climate change
Naphthalene- 0+0+5.4E-10+0+0+0 =	GC-FID, HPLC-FL/UV	10	50	15	75
Nickel- 6.71E-14+0+4.58E-07+0+6.84E-06+7.21E-06 =	ICP-AES		1			Carcinogens, resource
NMVOC, non-methane volatile organic compounds- 63.98E-06+0+0.008375+0+0.0897+0.3157 =	TD/GC-MS		800 Gg			Respiratory
N-Nitrodimethylamine- 0+0+1.29E-09+0+0+0 =	GC-FID	6.9m				Carcinogens
NO2 - 0.00295+0+0.00622+0+0.198+0.907 =	VIS	5	9	5	9	Respiratory, climate change, acidification/Eutrophication
Organic substances- 0.00023+0+0.000635+0+ 0+0 =	HPLC-GFAAS					Respiratory
Oxygen- 2.71E-233+0+0+0+0+0 =	SENSOR
PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons- 0.0062E-06+0+0+0+1.44E-07+0.29E-06 =	HPLC-FL/UV	3 μg				Respiratory
Particulates( < 10 um)- 0.001152+0+0.001446+0+0.014+0.001152 =	GRAV		4		10	Respiratory
Phenols- 0+0+.94E-08+0+0+0 =	TD/GC-MS, GC-FID	5	19	10	38	Eco-toxicity
Propane- 1.16E-06+0+0+0+0+0 =			1000		1800	Respiratory
Radioactive – 0+0+8.57+0+1560+919 = kBq	Photographic, Gas Filled,		0.05 Sv			Ionising radiation
Selenium compounds- 3.4E-25+0+0.94E-08+0+ 0+0 =	ICP-AES		0.2
Silver- 9.84E-24+0+0+0+0+0 =	ICP-AES		0.1			Radiation
SO2 - 0.00352+0+0.024+0+0.0395+0.148 =	IC	2	5	5	13	Respiratory, acidification/eutrophication
Styrene- 9.4E-20+0+0+0+0+0 =	GC-FID, FTIR	50	213	100	426	Eco-toxicity
Toluene- 1.9E-18+0+0+0+0+0 =	TD/GC-MC, GC-FID, FTIR	100	375	150	560	Respiratory, eco-toxicity
Xylene- 8.81E-19+0+0+0+0+0 =	TD/GC-MC, GC-FID, FTIR	100	435	150	650	Respiratory
Zinc- 13.4E-09+0+0+0+0.136E-03+0.191E-03 =	ICP-AES					Eco-toxicity, resource
Water Emission
Acidity 0+0+6.5E-05+0+0+0 =
Acids- 1.127E-06+0+6.5E-05+0+0+0 =	IC	10	25	15	37
Aluminum- 1.147E-06+0+0+0+0.111E-03+ 1.45E-03 =	ICP-AES		10		20	Resource
Aluminum Ion-0+0+0+0+0.0171+0 =	ICP-AES
Ammonia- 0+0+8.24E-07+0+0+0 =	VIS-Auto, IC	25	17	35	24	Acidification/eutrophication
Ammonium, ion- 2.17E-06+0+0+0.0171+0 =	VIS-Auto, IC
AOX, Adsorbable Organic Halogen as Cl- 9.02E-13+0+0+0+0.82E-06+0.63E-06 =		100				Climate change
Arsenic, ion- 7.22E-10+0+0+0+3.81E-07+ 1.85E-06 =	HYAAS, ICP-AES		0.2
Barium-0+0+0+0+0.54E-03+0.472E-03 =	FAAS, ICP-AES		0.5
Benzene- 1.31E-21+0+0+0+0+0 =	TD/GC-MS, GC, GC/FID, FTIR	30				Eco-toxicity, carcinogens
BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand- 64.26E-06+0+7.39E-05+0+19.0E-06+15.1E-06 =			360-1300
Boron - 0+0+3.06E-05+0+0+0 =	ICP-AES	2	12	3	18
Bromate- 1.17E-09+0+0+0+0+0 =	IC	0.1	0.7	0.3	2
Cadmium, ion- 1.21E-10+0+1.71E-06+0+1.96E-06+0.575E-06 =	ICP-AES		0.05
Calcium, ion- 0.124E-06+0+1.34E-07+0+0+0 =	ICP-AES
Carbonate- 0.14E-03+0+0+0+0+0 =
Chlorate- 0.327E-06+0+0+0+0+0 =
Chloride- 0.109E-03+0+0.0017+0+0.114+0.106 =
Chlorinated solvents- 19.39E-09+0+0+0+0+0 =						Eco-toxicity, climate change
Chlorine- 2.25E-09+0+0+0+0+0 =	IC	1	3	3	9
Chromium- 1.347E-11+0+1.71E-06+0+2.87E-06+0.01E-03 =	FAAS, ICP-AES		0.5			Eco-toxicity, resource
COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand- 0.296E-03+0+0.496E-03+0+0.619E-03+0.469E-03 =		50
Copper, ion- 0.153E-06+0+0+0+6.9E-06+0.032E-03 =	FAAS, ICP-AES		0.2
Cyanide- 4.136E-11+0+2.526E-09+0+8.31E-07+0.64E-06 =	ISE, VIS		5
Detergent, oil- 33.16E-06+0+0.669E-03+0+0.00565+0.0043 =	IR		5			Acidification/eutrophication, resource
Dioxins, measured as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin- 2.08E-16+0+0+0+0+0 =	GC-FID					Eco-toxicity, carcinogens
DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon- 6.6E-06+0+6.9E-05+0+1.63E-06 = 10.34E-06 =
Ethane, 1,1-dichloro- 2.43E-13+0+0+0+0+0 =	GC-FID	200	790	250	1000	Eco-toxicity, carcinogens
Ethane, chloro- 4.44E-12+0+0+0+0+0 =	GC-FID	10	40	20	80	Eco-toxicity, carcinogens
Fluoride- 9.83E-09+0+6.21E-07+0+0+0+0+0 =	ISE		2.5
Hydrocarbons -0+0+0+0+0+0.139E-03 =	GC-FID
Hydrocarbons- 15.11E-06+0+0+0+0.183E-03+2.1E-06 =	GC-FID
Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated- 0+0+0+0+0.187E-06+0.152E-06 =	IC
Iron, ion- 48.48E-09++4.01E-05+0+0.174E-03+0.48E-03 =	ICP-AES		1		2
Kjeldahl-N-0+0+0+0+7.83E-05+58.8E-06 =
Lead- 0.001E-06+0+3.78E-10+0+1.09E-06+4.78E-06 =	FAAS, XRF, GFAAS, ASV, ICP-AES,		30μg			Eco-toxicity
Magnesium- 7.69E-09+0+2.43E-05+0+0+0 =	ICP-AES		10
Manganese- 1.74E-09+0+0+0+0+0 =	ICP-AES		5		5	Resource
Mercury- 1.67E-10+0+1.33E-10+0+6.56E-06+10.9E-06 =	AAS		0.05		0.15	Eco-toxicity, resource
Metallic ions- 9.04E-06+0+4.53E-06+0+1.31E-03+1.09E-03 =	ICP-AES
Nickel Ion-0+0+0+0+0+4.81E-06 =	ICP-AES		0.1		0.3
Nickel, ion- 1.25E-09+0+0+0+1.13E-06+4.81E-06 =	ICP-AES
Nitrate- 4.32E-06+0+5.86E-08+0+0.054+0.795E-03 =
Nitrogen- 2.69E-06+0+0+0+0.45E-03+0.341E-03 =
Organic substances- 6.44E-11+0+4.44E-05+0+0+0 =	HPLC-GFAAS
PAH, Polycyclic Aromatic- 0+0+0+0+2.77E-06+2.1E-06 =	HPLC-FL/UV
Phenol- 0.717E-06+0+1.48E-08+0+2.81E-05+2.4E-06 =	TD-GC-MS, GC-FID	5	19	10	38	Eco-toxicity
Phosphate- 0+0+7.13E-06+0+8.51E-06+53.4E-06
Phosphorus- 0.137E-06+0+0+0+0+0 =	GC-FPD, ICP-AES		0.1		0.3
Potassium, ion- 3.13E-09+0+0+0+0+0 =	ICP-AES
Propane- 8.81E-10+0+0+0+0+0 =		200	500	250	625
Radioactive Species, unspecified- 0+0+0+0+14.4+8.53 =						Radiation
Silicon- 1.32E-19+0+0+0+0+0 =	XRD		0.3
Sodium, ion- 0.137E-03+0+2.47E-07+0+0+0 =	ICP-AES
Solved solids- 23.1E-06+0+0.037+0+0.0827+0.0646 =
Strontium- 3.55E-1+0+0+0+0+0 =	ICP-AES					Radiation
Sulfate- 0.464E-03+0+0.0014+0+0.0535+0 =
Sulfide- 0+0+3.0E-05+0+0+0 =
Sulfur- 2.73E-13+0+0+0+0+0 =
Sulphide-0+0+0+0+0+5.07E-06 =
Sulphuric Acid- 0+0+7.65E-06+0+0+0 =	IC		1
Suspended solids- 0.145E-03+0+0.778E-03+0+0.0122+1.28E-03 =	GRAV
Tin, ion- 2.6E-16+0+0+0+0+0 =	ICP-AES		0.1		0.2
TOC, Total Organic Carbon- 34.88E-06+0+0+0+0.254+0.116 =
Toluene- 0+0+0+0+2.52E-05+19.17E-06 =	TD/GC-MC, GC-FID, FTIR	100	375	150	560
Zinc, ion- 0.0805E-06+0+1.44E-06+0+2.83E-05+11.0E-06 =	ICP-AES
Emission to Ground
Cadmium-0+0+0+0+7.51E-07+0 =	ICP-AES		0.05			Eco-toxicity, carcinogens
Carbon0+0+0+0+0.172+0 =	GRAV		3.5		7
Chemical waste, regulated- 4.6E-03
Coal tailings- 0.682E-03
Compost- 4.676E-06
Construction waste- 4.56E-03
Energy Input- 72.67+1.3356+48.17+13.6+204.1+190.38 =						Resource
Lead-0+0+0+0+2.09E-08+0 =	FAAS, XRF, GFAAS, ASV, ICP-AES					Eco-toxicity, resource
Material Input: NG – 1, Crude Oil − 0.44, Coal -0.021 Water -124+1.035+ NG 0.386, C Oil 0.126, Scrap 0.55						Resource
Mercury-0+0+0+0+6.3E-06+0	AAS		0.05		0.15	Eco-toxicity, resource
Metal waste- 88.21E-09
Mineral waste- 0.806E-03
Nitrogen-0+0+0+0+1.35E-03+0 =
Packaging waste- 6.53E-09
Plastic waste- 1.68E-06
Slag's and ashes- 5.48E-03
Waste- 0.003+0.035
Waste in incineration- 0.547E-03
Waste returned to mine- 0.0136
Waste to recycling- 0.596E-03
Waste, industrial- 1.136E-03
Waste, unspecified- 0.972E-03
Wood waste- 0.147E-06
Zinc-0+0+0+0+7.33E-10+0 =	ICP-AES					Eco-toxicity, resource
Notes: AAS, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry; FAAS, Flame AAS; FI, Flame Injection; FID, Flame Ionisation Detector; FL, Fluorescence Detector; FPD, Flame Photomrtic Detector; GC, Gas Chromatography; GFAAS, Graphite Furnace AAS; HPLC, High Performance Liquid Chromatography; HYAAS, Hydride generation AAS; IC, Ion Chromatography; ICP-AES, Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy; IR, Infrared Spectrophotometry; ISE, Ion Specific Electrode; MS, Mass Spectrometry; NPD, Nitrogen Phosphorous Detector; PCM, Phase Contrast Microscopy; PID, Photo Ionisation Detector; TCD, Thermal Conductivity Detector; TD, Thermal Desorption Tube; UV, Ultraviolet; VIS, Visible Absorption Spectrophotometry; XRF, X-Ray Fluorescence; GRAV, Gravitational. SOURCE: Jadhav and Chitnis (1993), Franklin (2007), American Plastic Council (1997), Daniel et al. (2007), Ghosh (2004), James and Grant (2005), Sara et al. (2005).

Figure 3 Environmental effect multi-fishbone diagram for plastic film supply chain.

Table 3 GrSC practices as environmental tools.

Sr. No.	GrSC phase	GrSC practices/environmental tools	Validation (sources)
1.	Plan phase	# Design for environment •Design for disassembly/remanufacturing •Design for recycling/reuse/close loop SC Design for green manufacturing •Design for disposal/waste minimisation •Design under legislation & regulations. # Environmental cost accounting # Life cycle analysis (LCA) •Inventory/energy analysis •Impact analysis •Life cycle costing •Improvement analysis	Matthews (2001), Villalba et al. (2004), Beamon (1999), Srivastava (2008), Wells and Orsato (2005). Esther et al. (2007), Carter and Keeler (2007), Dunk (2002). Hunt (1995), Hoon (2006), Franklin (2007).
2.	Source phase	# Green purchasing •Inbound logistics and procurement •Material management # Environmental auditing # Environmental certification # Buyer supplier relation # Second-tier supplier management	Matthews and Hendrickson (2003) Mouritsen et al. (2000) Noci (1997), Business for Social Responsibility (BSR 2001)
3.	Make phase	# Green manufacturing/remanufacturing # Pollution prevention # Resource/energy use # EMS/TQM model development # ISO 14000 implementation # Industrial ecosystems	Chouinard and Brown (1997), Kiesmuller (2003) Esther et al. (2007) Hue et al. (2001), Barla (2007) Zhu et al. (2007)
4.	Delivery phase	# Mode of transport and transportation distance packaging •Warehouse management	Sheu et al. (2005) Bose and Chatterjee (2008)
5.	Return phase	# Reverse logistics/supply loops # Recycling # Reuse/refurbish # Disposal	Vlachos et al. (2007) Shah and Rajaram (1997), Roth and Eklund (2003) Shukla et al. (2008)

Figure 4 Mapping of environmental tools on extended fishbone diagram.

Figure 5 GrSC framework for converging LLDPE film manufacturing units and environment.

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