Effects of EGR, swirl augmentation techniques on combustion of biodiesel/ethanol and their blends in a diesel engine

Figures & data

Figure 1 Transesterification set-up showing different stages of biodiesel production.

Table 1 Property of diesel, Honge and HOME, and blends of HOME with ethanol.

Property	Diesel	Honge oil	HOME	Ethanol	BE 5	BE 7.7	BE 15
Density (kg/m^3)	840	930	890	780	880	870	862
Kinematic viscosity (cSt) @ 40°C	3.5	56	5.6	1.2	5.0	4.8	4.4
Flash point °C	56	187	163	13–14	152	146	140
Calorific value (kJ/kg)	43,000	35,800	36,100	26,820	35,958	35,896	35,834
Lower heating value
Cetane number	45–55	40	45	8	–	–	–
Carbon residue (%)	0.1	0.66	–	–	–	–	–
Oxygen content (wt%)	–	10	–	35	–	–	–
Note: BE, biodiesel ethanol.

Table 2 Composition of Honge oil (Shirsath et al. 2012).

Sl no.	Composition	Fatty acid contribution of Honge oil	Chemical name	No. of bonds	Structure	Saturated /unsaturated	Chemical formula	Mol. weight
1	Palmitic	10.5	Hexadecanoic	–	16:0	Saturated	C16H32O2	256
2	Stearic	5.56	Octadecanoic	–	18:0	Saturated	C18H36O2	284
3	Oleic	49.39	Cis-9-octadecanoic	Single	18:1	Unsaturated	C18H34O2	282
4	Linoleic	20.37	Cis-9,cis-12-octadecanoic	Double	18:2	Unsaturated	C18H32O2	280
5	Linolenic	3.66	Cis-9,cis-12,cis-15-octadecanoic	Triple	18:3	Unsaturated	C18H30O2	278
6	Arachidic	1.36	Etcosanoic	–	20:0	Saturated	C20H40O2	312
7	Lignoceric	1.53	Tetracosanoic	–	24:0	Unsaturated	C24H48O2	368
8	Behenic	5.82	Docosanoic	–	22:0	Unsaturated	C22H44O2	340

Figure 2 Fuel tank with mechanical stirrer and its position in the set-up.

Figure 3 Schematic diagram of experimental set-up.

Table 3 Specification of the engine.

Sl no.	Parameters	Specification
1	Machine supplier	Apex Innovations Pvt Ltd
2	Type	TV1 (Kirlosker made)
3	Software used	Engine soft
4	Nozzle opening pressure	200–225 bar
5	Governor type	Mechanical centrifugal type
6	No. of cylinders	Single cylinder
7	No. of strokes	Four stroke
8	Fuel	H. S. diesel
9	Rated power	3.7 kW (5 HP) @1500 rpm
10	Cylinder diameter (bore)	87.5 mm
11	Stroke length	110 mm
12	Compression ratio	17.5:1
Air measurement manometer
13	Made	MX 201
14	Type	U-Type
15	Range	100–0–100 mm
Eddy current dynamometer
16	Model	AG–10
17	Type	Eddy current
18	Maximum	7.5 kW at 1500–3000 rpm

Figure 4 Angle of mask provided on the inlet valve.

Figure 5 Modified CHs with different number of grooves and bridges.

Table 4 Specifications of exhaust gas analyser.

Type	DELTA 1600S
Object of measurement	Carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrocarbons (HCs)
Range of measurement	HC = 0–20,000 ppm as C3H8 (propane)
	CO = 0–10%
	CO2 = 0–16%
	O2 = 0–21%
	NO x  = 0–5000 ppm (as nitric oxide)
Accuracy	HC = ± 30 ppm HC
	CO = ± 0.2% CO
	CO2 = ± 1% CO2
	O2 = ± 0.2% O2
	NO x  = ± 10 ppm NO
Resolution	HC = 1 ppm
	CO = 0.01% vol.
	CO2 = 0.1% vol.
	O2 = 0.01% vol
	NO x  = 1 ppm
Warm-up time	10 min (self-controlled) at 20°C
Speed of response time	Within 15 s for 90% response
Sampling	Directly sampled from tail pipe
Power source	100–240 V AC/50 Hz
Weight	800 g
Size	100 mm × 210 mm × 50 mm

Table 5 Specifications of smoke meter.

Type	Hartridge Smokemeter-4
Object of measurement	Smoke
Measuring range opacity	0–100%
Accuracy	± 2% relative
Resolution	0.1%
Smoke length	0.43 m
Ambient temperature range	− 5°C to +45°C
Warm-up time	10 min (self-controlled, at 20°C)
Speed of response time	Within 15 s for 90% response
Sampling	Directly sampled from tail pipe
Power supply	100–240 V AC/50 Hz
	10–16 V DC @15 amps
Size	100 mm × 210 mm × 50 mm.

Figure 6 Brake thermal efficiencies for different fuel combinations.

Figure 7 Smoke emissions for different fuel combinations.

Figure 8 HC emissions for different fuel combinations.

Figure 9 CO emissions for different fuel combinations.

Figure 10 NO _x emissions for different fuel combinations.

Figure 11 Effect of ethanol blending on BTE.

Figure 12 Effect of ethanol blending on smoke opacity.

Figure 13 Effect of ethanol blending on HC emission.

Figure 14 Effect of ethanol blending on CO emission.

Figure 15 Effect of ethanol blending on NO _x emission.

Figure 16 Variation in BTE with angle of mask for HOME.

Figure 17 Variation in smoke emission levels with angle of mask for HOME.

Figure 18 Variation in HC emissions with angle of mask for HOME.

Figure 19 Variation in HC emissions with angle of mask for HOME.

Figure 20 Effect of swirl on BTE.

Figure 21 Effect of swirl on smoke opacity.

Figure 22 Effect of swirl on HC.

Figure 23 Effect of swirl on CO.

Figure 24 Effect of swirl on NO _x .

Figure 25 Rate of heat release versus crank angle for different swirl configurations at 100% load.

Shirsath, G., et al., 2012. Blends of Karanja and Jatropha biodiesels for diesel engine applications. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 5 (3), 252–264

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