Effect of injection timing, injector opening pressure and nozzle geometry on the performance of a compression ignition engine operated on non-edible oil methyl esters from different sources

Figures & data

Table 1 Fatty acid composition of different vegetable oils.

	Fatty acid composition
Composition	Honge oil	Cotton seed oil	Honne oil
Palmitic	10.5	22.1	12.10
Stearic	5.56	5.5	13.10
Oleic	49.39	50.1	34.10
Linoleic	20.37	20.7	38.30
Linolenic	3.66	0.3	–
Arachidic	1.36	0.3	–
Lignoceric	1.53	–	–
Behenic	5.82	0.2	–
Myristic	–	0.8	–

Table 2 Properties of non-edible-derived biodiesels.

S. No.	Properties	Diesel	Cotton seed oil	COME	Honne seed oil	HnOME	Honge oil	HOME
1	Chemical formula	C13H24	–	–	–	–	–	–
2	Density (kg/m^3) at 15°C	840	900	885	910	880	927	870
3	Calorific value (kJ/kg)	43,000	38,049	39,648	39,100	41,397	35,800	37,100
4	Viscosity at 40°C (cSt)	2–5	50	5.00	33	4.5	56	5.6
5	Flashpoint (°C)	75	210	167	205	165	–	187
6	Cetane number	45–55	48	45	52	57	–	40
7	Carbon residue (%)	0.1	0.66	–	–	0.01	–	0.66
8	Cloud point	− 2	–	7	–	− 1	–	–
9	Pour point	− 12	–	4	–	− 8	–	–
10	Carbon residue	0.13	0.55	0.01	–	0.01	–	–
11	Molecular weight	181	–	227	–	–	–	–
12	Auto ignition temperature (°C)	260	–	470	–	–	–	–
13	Ash content % by mass	0.57	–	0.01	–	–	–	–

Figure 1 Experimental set-up.

Table 3 Specifications of CI engine.

S. No.	Parameter	Specifications
1	Machine supplier	Apex Innovations Pvt Ltd, Sangli, Maharashtra State
2	Type	TV1 (Kirlosker make)
3	Software used	Engine soft
4	Nozzle opening pressure	200–225 bar
5	Governor type	Mechanical centrifugal type
6	No. of cylinders	Single cylinder
7	No. of strokes	Four stroke
8	Fuel	H. S. Diesel
9	Rated power	5.2 kW (7 HP) @1500 rpm
10	Cylinder diameter (Bore)	0.0875 m
11	Stroke length	0.11 m
12	Compression ratio	17.5:1

Figure 2 Injectors used for biodiesel injection.

Table 4 Specifications of exhaust gas analyser.

Type	DELTA 1600S
Object of measurement	CO, CO2 and HC
Range of measurement	HC = 0–20,000 ppm as C3H8 (propane)
	CO = 0–10%
	CO2 = 0–16%
	O2 = 0–21%
	NOx = 0–5000 ppm (as nitric oxide)
Accuracy	HC = ± 30 ppm HC
	CO = ± 0.2% CO
	CO2 = ± 1% CO2
	O2 = ± 0.2% O2
	NOx = ± 10 ppm NO
Resolution	HC = 1 ppm
	CO = 0.01 vol %
	CO2 = 0.1 vol %
	O2 = 0.01 vol %
	NOx = 1 ppm
Warm up time	10 min (self-controlled) at 20°C
Speed of response time	Within 15 s for 90% response
Sampling	Directly sampled from tail pipe
Power source	100–240 V AC/50 Hz
Weight	800 g
Size	100 mm × 210 mm × 50 mm

Table 5 Specifications of smoke meter.

Type	HARTRIDGE smoke meter-4
Object of measurement	Smoke
Measuring range opacity	0–100%
Accuracy	± 2% relative
Resolution	0.1%
Smoke length	0.43 m
Ambient temperature range	− 5 to +45°C
Warm up time	10 min (self-controlled) at 20°C
Speed of response time	Within 15 s for 90% response
Sampling	Directly sampled from tail pipe
Power supply	100–240 V AC/50 Hz
	10–16 V DC @15 amps
Size	100 mm × 210 mm × 50 mm

Figure 3 Effect of IT on BTE for COME.

Figure 4 Effect of IT on HC emissions.

Figure 5 Effect of IT on CO emissions.

Figure 6 Effect of IT on NO_x emissions.

Figure 7 Effect of IT on the pressure variation at 80% load engine operation.

Figure 8 Effect of IT on the heat release rate at 80% load engine operation.

Figure 9 Effect of three-hole nozzle and varying injection pressure on BTE.

Figure 10 Effect of four-hole nozzle and varying injection pressure on BTE.

Figure 11 Effect of five-hole nozzle and varying injection pressure on BTE.

Figure 12 Effect of brake power on HC at three-hole nozzle and varying pressure.

Figure 13 Effect of brake power on HC at four-hole nozzle and varying pressure.

Figure 14 Effect of brake power on HC at five-hole nozzle and varying pressure.

Figure 15 Effect of brake power on CO at three-hole nozzle and varying injection pressure.

Figure 16 Effect of brake power on CO at four-hole nozzle and varying IOP.

Figure 17 Effect of brake power on CO at five-hole nozzle and varying pressure.

Figure 18 Effect of brake power on NO_x at three-hole nozzle and varying IOP.

Figure 19 Effect of brake power on NO_x at four-hole nozzle and varying IOP.

Figure 20 Effect of brake power on NO_x at five-hole nozzle and varying pressure.

Figure 21 Effect of injection pressure on the pressure variation with crank angle at 80% load engine operation.

Figure 22 Effect of injection pressure on the heat release rate with crank angle at 80% load engine operation.