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International Journal of Sustainable Engineering Volume 7, 2014 - Issue 1
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Original Articles

Production of renewable and sustainable fuel from Calliandra calothyrsus and its utilisation in compression ignition engines

V.S. YaliwalMechanical Engineering Department, SDM College of Engineering and Technology, Dharwad, Karnataka, IndiaCorrespondence[email protected]
,
S.Y. AdagantiChemical Engineering Department, SDM College of Engineering and Technology, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
,
B.M. KulkarniChemical Engineering Department, Babuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davangere, Karnataka, India
&
G.P. DesaiChemical Engineering Department, Babuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davangere, Karnataka, India
Pages 41-54 | Received 04 Sep 2012, Accepted 15 Apr 2013, Published online: 14 Jun 2013

Figures & data

Table 1 Properties of diesel, HOME and its blends with bioethanol.

Table 2 Composition of the raw materials used.

Figure 1 Raw material.
Figure 1 Raw material.
Figure 2 Experimental set-up for a hydrothermal explosion unit.
Figure 2 Experimental set-up for a hydrothermal explosion unit.
Figure 3 Hydrothermal explosion of C. calothyrsus.
Figure 3 Hydrothermal explosion of C. calothyrsus.
Figure 4 Hydrolysis unit.
Figure 4 Hydrolysis unit.
Figure 5 Sample (hydrolysate) with the media.
Figure 5 Sample (hydrolysate) with the media.
Figure 6 Rotary incubator.
Figure 6 Rotary incubator.
Figure 7 Separation of ethanol by distillation.
Figure 7 Separation of ethanol by distillation.
Figure 8 Experimental set-up: 1 = control panel, 2 = computer system, 3 = diesel flow line, 4 = air flow line, 5 = calorimeter, 6 = exhaust gas analyser, 7 = smoke meter, 8 = rotameter, 9, 11 = inlet water temperature, 10 = calorimeter inlet water temperature, 12 = calorimeter outlet water temperature, 13 = dynamometer, 14 = CI engine, 15 = speed measurement, 16 = burette for fuel measurement, 17 = exhaust gas outlet, 18 = outlet water temperature, 19 = fuel tank, T1 = inlet water temperature, T2 = outlet water temperature, T3 = exhaust gas temperature.
Figure 8 Experimental set-up: 1 = control panel, 2 = computer system, 3 = diesel flow line, 4 = air flow line, 5 = calorimeter, 6 = exhaust gas analyser, 7 = smoke meter, 8 = rotameter, 9, 11 = inlet water temperature, 10 = calorimeter inlet water temperature, 12 = calorimeter outlet water temperature, 13 = dynamometer, 14 = CI engine, 15 = speed measurement, 16 = burette for fuel measurement, 17 = exhaust gas outlet, 18 = outlet water temperature, 19 = fuel tank, T1 = inlet water temperature, T2 = outlet water temperature, T3 = exhaust gas temperature.

Table 3 Specification of a CI engine.

Figure 9 Mechanical stirrer.
Figure 9 Mechanical stirrer.
Figure 10 FT-IR spectra: (a) before pretreatment and (b) after pretreatment.
Figure 10 FT-IR spectra: (a) before pretreatment and (b) after pretreatment.
Figure 11 SEM images of the raw material before the hydrothermal explosion with a magnification of 400 ×  and 500 × .
Figure 11 SEM images of the raw material before the hydrothermal explosion with a magnification of 400 ×  and 500 × .
Figure 12 SEM images of the raw material after the hydrothermal explosion with a magnification of 400 ×  and 500 × .
Figure 12 SEM images of the raw material after the hydrothermal explosion with a magnification of 400 ×  and 500 × .
Figure 13 GC of the distillate.
Figure 13 GC of the distillate.

Table 4 Results of GC.

Figure 14 Variation in glucose yield with acid concentration and time.
Figure 14 Variation in glucose yield with acid concentration and time.
Figure 15 Variation in glucose yield with temperature and time.
Figure 15 Variation in glucose yield with temperature and time.
Figure 16 Variation in brake thermal efficiency with brake power.
Figure 16 Variation in brake thermal efficiency with brake power.
Figure 17 Variation in smoke opacity with brake power.
Figure 17 Variation in smoke opacity with brake power.
Figure 18 Variation in HC emissions with brake power.
Figure 18 Variation in HC emissions with brake power.
Figure 19 Variation in CO emissions with brake power.
Figure 19 Variation in CO emissions with brake power.
Figure 20 Variation in nitric oxide emissions with brake power.
Figure 20 Variation in nitric oxide emissions with brake power.

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