Effect of bioethanol and thermal barrier coating on the performance of dual fuel engine operating on Honge oil methyl ester (HOME) and producer gas induction

Figures & data

Table 1 Properties of liquid fuels and proximate and ultimate analysis of Babul wood.

Sl. no.	Liquid fuel properties			Biomass feed stock properties
	Properties	Diesel	HOME	Description	Babul wood
1	Viscosity@40°C (Cst)	4.59 (Low)	5.6	Moisture content (% w/w)	10.3
2	Flash point (°C)	56	163	Ash content (% w/w)	0.79
3	Calorific value in kJ/kg	45,000	36,010	Volatile matter (% w/w)	85.8
4	Specific gravity	0.830	0.870	Fixed carbon (% w/w)	13.4
5	Density kg/m^3	830	890	Sulphur (% w/w)	0.05
6	–	–	Non edible	Nitrogen, as N (% w/w)	0.30
7	–	–	–	Gross calorific value (kJ/kg)	23575.8
8	–	–	–	Density (kg/m^3)	380
9	–	–	–	Phosphorus (% w/w)	–
10	–	–	–	Potassium	–

Table 2 Composition of producer gas derived from babul wood.

Type of wood	CO (%)	H2 (%)	Methane (%)	HC (%)	N2 (%)	Water vapour (%)	CO2 (%)	Calorific value (MJ/Nm) ^3	Density (kg/m) ^3
Babul wood	18–22	15–19	1–5	0.2–0.4	4.5–5.5	4	8–10	5.6	360

Figure 1 (a) Schematic diagram of experimental setup and (b) photographic view of experimental setup.

Table 3 Specification of experimental test rig.

Sl no	Parameters	Specification
1	Machine supplier	Apex Innovations Pvt. Ltd., Sangli. Maharastra State.
2	Engine type	Single cylinder four stroke water cooled direct injection TV1 compression ignition engine with a displacement volume of 662 cc, compression ratio of 17:1, developing 5.2 kW at  1500 rev/min TV1  (Kirolsker make)
3	Software used	Engine soft
4	Nozzle opening  pressure	200–225 bar
5	Governor type	Mechanical centrifugal type
6	Cylinder diameter  (bore)	0.0875 m
7	Stroke length	0.11 m
8	Combustion camber	Open chamber (direct injection) with hemispherical cavity
9	Eddy current  dynamometer	Model:AG – 10, 7.5 kW at  1500–3000 rpm and water flows through dynamometer during the use

Table 4 Specification of the downdraft gasifier.

Type	Down draft gasifier
Rated capacity	15,000 kcal/h
Rated gas flow	15 Nm^3/h
Average gas calorific value	1000 kcal/m^3
Rated woody biomass consumption	5–6 kg/h
Hopper storage capacity	40 kg
Biomass size	10 mm (minimum)
	50 mm (maximum)
Moisture content (DB)	5–20%
Typical conversion efficiency	70–75%

Figure 2 Views of pressure sensor fitted to engine cylinder.

Table 5 Specifications of exhaust gas analyser.

Type	DELTA 1600S
Object of measurement	CO, CO2 and HC
Range of measurement	HC = 0 to 20,000 ppm as C3H8 (propane)
	CO = 0–10%
	CO2 = 0–16%
	O2 = 0–21% NOx = 0–5000 ppm (as nitric oxide)
Accuracy	HC = ± 30 ppm HC
	CO = ± 0.2% CO
	CO2 = ± 1% CO2
	O2 = ± 0.2% O2
	NOx = ± 10 ppm NO
Resolution	HC = 1 ppm
	CO = 0.01% vol.
	CO2 = 0.1% vol.
	O2 = 0.01% vol.
	NOx = 1 ppm
Warm up time	10 min. (self controlled) at 20°C
Speed of response time	Within 15 s for 90% response
Sampling	Directly sampled from tail pipe
Power source	100–240 V AC/50 Hz
Weight	800 g
Size	100 mm × 210 mm × 50 mm

Table 6 Specifications of smoke meter.

Type	Hartridge smokemeter
Object of measurement	Smoke
Measuring range opacity	0–100%
Accuracy	± 2% relative
Resolution	0.1%
Smoke length	0.43 m
Ambient temperature range	− 5 to +45°C
Warm up time	10 min. (self controlled) at 20°C
Speed of response time	Within 15 s for 90% response
Sampling	Directly sampled from tail pipe
Power supply	100–240 V AC/50 HZ
	10–16 V DC@15 A
Size	100 mm × 210 mm × 50 mm.

Figure 3 Parallel gas entry carburetors for producer gas induction fitted to the engine.

Figure 4 Photographic view of a downdraft gasifier.

Figure 5 Mechanical stirrer.

Figure 6 Flaring for checking quality of producer gas.

Figure 7 (a) Piston coated with PSZ and (b) cylinder head coated with PSZ.

Figure 8 Variation of BTE at 80% load.

Figure 9 Variation of smoke opacity at 80% load.

Figure 10 Variation of HC at 80% load.

Figure 11 Variation of CO at 80% load.

Figure 12 Variation of NO_x at 80% load.

Figure 13 Variation of BTE with dual fuel mode of engine operation.

Figure 14 Variation of exhaust gas temperature with dual fuel mode of engine operation.

Figure 15 Variation of volumetric efficiency with dual fuel mode of engine operation.

Figure 16 Variation of smoke opacity with dual fuel mode of engine operation.

Figure 17 Variation of HC emission with dual fuel mode of engine operation.

Figure 18 Variation of CO emission with dual fuel mode of engine operation.

Figure 19 Variation of nitric oxide emission with dual fuel mode of engine operation

Figure 20 Variation of ignition delay with different modes of engine operation.

Figure 21 Variation of combustion duration with different modes of engine operation.

Figure 22 Variation of peak pressure with different modes of engine operation.

Figure 23 Variation of in-cylinder pressure with different modes of engine operation at 80% load.

Figure 24 Variation of heat release rate with different modes of engine operation at 80% load.