Effect of hydrogen addition to CNG in a biodiesel-operated dual-fuel engine

Figures & data

Table 1 Properties of fuels used.

Sl. No.	Properties	Diesel	Honge oil	HOME
1	Chemical formula	C13H24	–	–
2	Density (kg/m^3)	840	915	880
3	Calorific value (kJ/kg)	43,000	35,800	36,010
4	Viscosity at 40°C (cSt^a)	2-5	44.85	5.5
5	Flashpoint (°C)	75	210	167
6	Cetane number	45–55	40	45
7	Carbon residue (%)	0.1	0.66	–
8	Cloud point	− 2	–	7
9	Pour point	− 5	–	4
10	Carbon residue	0.13	0.55	0.01
11	Molecular weight	181		227
12	Auto ignition temperature (°C)	260		470
13	Ash content % by mass	0.57		0.01
14	Oxidation stability	High	Low	Low
15	Sulphur content	High	No	No

a Centistokes.

Table 2 Free fatty acid contribution of the Honge oil used.

Sl. No.	Fatty acid	Fatty acid contribution
1	Palmitic	3.7–3.9
2	Stearic	2.4–8.9
3	Lignoceric	–
4	Oleic	44.5–71.5
5	Lignoleic	1.8–18.3
6	Arachidic	2.2–4.7
7	Behenic	–
8	Linolenic	–
9	Eruceic	–

Table 3 Properties of CNG and HCNG.

Sl. No.	Properties	CNG	HCNG
1	Density of Liquid at 15°C, kg/ m^3	0.77	–
3	Boiling Point, K	147 K	–
4	Lower calorific value, kJ/kg	48,000	47,170
5	Limits of flammability in air, vol. %	5–15	5 – 35
6	Auto ignition temp, K	813	825
7	Theoretical max flame temp, K	2148	2210
8	Flash point, °C	124	–
9	Octane number	130	–
10	Burning velocity, cm/sec	45	110
11	Stoichiometric A/F, kg of air/kg of fuel	17:1	–
12	Flame temperature, °C	–	1927
13	Equivalence ratio	0.7–4 0	0.5–5.4

Figure 1 Experimantal set-up.

Table 4 Specification of diesel engine.

Sl. No.	Parameter	Specifications
1	Type	TV1 (Kirlosker make)
2	Software used	Engine soft
3	Nozzle opening pressure	200–225 bar
4	Static injection timing	23 BTDC
5	Governor type	Mechanical centrifugal type
6	No of cylinders	Single cylinder
7	No of strokes	Four stroke
8	Fuel	H S diesel
9	Rated power	3.7 kW (5 HP) @1500 rpm
10	Maximum torque and engine speed	1500 rpm
11	Cylinder diameter (Bore)	0.0875 m
11	Stroke length	0.11 m
12	Compression ratio	17.5:1

Figure 2 Effect of brake power on BTE.

Figure 3 Variation of smoke opacity with brake power.

Figure 4 Variation of HC with brake power.

Figure 5 Variation of CO with brake power.

Figure 6 Variation of NO_x emission with brake power.

Figure 7 Variation of ignition delay with brake power.

Figure 8 Variation of combustion duration with brake power.

Figure 9 Variation of peak pressure with brake power.