Recycling – the importance of understanding the complexity of the issue

Figures & data

Figure 1. Product-oriented material cycle including primary and secondary sources.

Figure 2. Case studies and main findings.

Figure 3. Lack of pressure for recyclable product development.

Figure 4. No demand for recyclable products.

Table 1. Mobile phone market in year 2012, first two quarters.

Company	% (Q2/2012)	% (Q1/2012)
Samsung	32.9	30.6
Apple	17	24.2
Nokia	6.7	8.2
HTC	5.8	5.4
ZTE	5.2	3.4
RIM	5.1	7.6
Sony	4.9	5
Huawei	4.6	4.8
LG	4.2	3.8
Motorola	3.9	3.5

Table 2. Marketing of mobile phones.

Smartphone markets (August 2012)
Company	% (Q2)	% (Q1)	High-end model	Marketing	Most popular model	Marketing
Samsung	32.9	30.6	Nexus S Android Smartphone	1 GHz Hummingbird processor paired with 16 GB of internal memory makes Nexus S one of the fastest phones on the market. Menus open faster, tabs are more responsive, and web pages load quicker with virtually no lag time. Switch between apps effortlessly with true multitasking on Android. Nexus S has a dedicated Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). Playing mobile games, browsing the web, and watching videos are fast, fluid, and smooth. It’s like having a pocket-sized multimedia and game console	Samsung Galaxy III	If sharing is your thing, the Samsung Galaxy S III is your phone. With S Beam, you can share large HD files in seconds – just touch compatible devices back-to-back. S Beam takes full advantage of NFC (Near-Field Communication) and Wi-Fi Direct technology, making it quick and easy for you to share photos, videos, documents, calendars, contacts and more. And you don’t even need Wi-Fi or a cellular signal
Apple	17	24.2	iPhone 5	iPhone 5 is just 7.6 mm thin. To make that happen, Apple engineers had to think small, component by component. They created a nano-SIM card, which is 44% smaller than a micro-SIM. They also developed a unique cellular solution for iPhone 5. The conventional approach to building LTE into a world phone uses two chips – one for voice, one for data. On iPhone 5, both are on a single chip. The intelligent, reversible Lightning connector is 80% smaller than the 30-pin connector. The 8MP iSight camera has even more features – like panorama and dynamic low-light mode – yet it’s 25% smaller. And the new A6 chip is up to 2× faster than the A5 chip but 22% smaller. Even with so much inside, iPhone 5 is 20% lighter and 18% thinner than iPhone 4S
Nokia	6.7	8.2	Nokia N79 Mobile Phone	Nokia N79 is an attractive and trendy mobile phone with some new features that including WiFi, 5 MP camera, 3G and Bluetooth. The phone supports a dual band 900 and 2100 MHz of 3G but works on all the four GSM bands. The designing model will feature a 2.4 QVGA TFT screen capable of rendering 16 M colours. 5 MP camera with autofocus, flash and Carl Zeiss optics lets you take razor sharp photos even in dull lighting conditions. It also has the option of automatically tagging the location of your photo before you upload it on to Ovi share. The handy feature with N79 is the short range FM transmitter through which you can create your own broadcaster with your tracks around a short range. N79 provides an internal memory chip of 50 MB that allows it to multi-task of different apps without any lag. The handset can be uplifted with a microSD slot that supports up to 4 GB. It also supports A-GPS receiver with which you can explore new places and get voice guided navigation for free. The standard 1200 Li-Ion battery supports up to 5.5 h of talk time	Nokia Lumia 920	PureView technology with Carl Zeiss lens captures blur-free videos even if the camera’s shaking or in low light. Thanks to its Optical Image Stabilization. The PureMotion HD+ display is the world’s brightest, fastest and most sensitive touchscreen: enough to make every colour clear and sensitive enough to respond to your fingertips, even when they are covered up. With City Lens you can discover all your city has to offer by looking at your camera’s viewfinder. Now you don’t need to plug your Nokia Lumia 920 in to charge it. Just put it on a wireless charger and you’re good to go. Our new Lumia family comes with full versions of Microsoft Office and Outlook. Create and edit PowerPoint, Excel and Word documents with ease wherever you are with seamless sync. With Nokia Music you can stream unlimited music for free. Tap into the latest tracks. Create your own channels. Put on your headphones and play

Figure 5. Recycling perspective in mobile phones supply chain.

Figure 6. Drivers and decision-making in food industry chain.

Figure 7. Formal (visible) and informal (invisible) driving forces.

Table 3. Phases of the industrial design process.

Phase	Information for decision-making
Phase 1: idea	Suitability for the strategy, profitability, implementation, risks
Phase 2: business case	Target, analysis of different sections (technical, competence, supply chain, market etc.), budget
Phase 3: project plan	Present state, target, technical details, resources, budget, risks, needed contracts, schedule
Phase 4: design plan	Product, process, solutions, investments, costs, co-operation, schedule
Phase 5: verification	Results are compared with plans (phase 3 and 4)/solution, final product
Phase 6: validation	Results are compared with project plan (phase 3)/profitability
Phase 7: final report	Process description
Phase 8: business case	Evaluation: realization of business, strategic targets, risks, incomes and costs, learning process

Figure 8. A decision path of design recyclable products.