Time and cost characterisation of emissions from non-road diesel equipment for infrastructure projects

Figures & data

Table 1. Project characteristics.

Project	Acronym	Total cost	Year built	Construction duration (days)	Length (ft)	Width (ft)	Description
Little Street Roadway	LS	$179,000	2011	65	600	24	Street and utility improvement
W. Burkhead Street	WB	$103,860	2012	9	500	27	Street and utility improvement
Sutton Place Phase 1	SP1	$219,540	2009	49	930	20	New development
Sutton Place Phase 2	SP2	$622,660	2009	101	2813	27	New development

Table 2. Project construction activities.

Construction activities	Projects
	Little Street	West Burkhead	Sutton Place Phase 1	Sutton Place Phase 2
Mobilisation	X	X	X	X
Staking and layout	X	X	X	X
Clearing and grubbing			X	X
Demolition and removal of existing asphalt	X	X
Erosion control measures			X	X
Earthwork and grading			X	X
Demolition of sewer, storm, and water systems	X
Initial grading and excavation		X
Installation of new sanitary sewer system	X	X	X	X
Abandon existing sewer		X
Installation of water distribution system	X		X	X
Installation of storm sewer	X		X	X
Remove and replace curb on adjacent streets		X
Prepare subgrade	X	X	X	X
Paving	X	X	X	X
Final clean up, punch list and demobilisation	X	X	X	X

Table 3. Project pollutant emissions rates for Tier 2 equipment (EPA 2010a, 2010b).

Equipment type	HP	Emissions factors (g/hp-hr)						Projects
		HC	CO	NOx	PM	CO2	SO2	LS	WB	SP1	SP2
Asphalt paver	130	0.48	4.0	5.18	0.72	4670	0.82	X	X	X	X
Backhoe loader	48	1.70	11.55	7.26	0.41	5160	0.91	X	X	X	X
Brush chipper	110	0.65	2.83	6.62	0.57	4620	0.81	X
Concrete pump	400	0.49	3.56	6.59	0.62	4620	0.81	X	X
Curb paver	130	0.60	5.25	5.60	0.83	4660	0.82	X
Bulldozer	105	0.42	3.79	5.42	0.61	4670	0.82	X	X	X	X
Front end loader	80	1.70	11.55	7.26	0.41	5160	0.91	X	X	X	X
Grader	138	0.39	2.77	4.97	0.56	4670	0.82	X	X	X	X
Horizontal directional drill	100	0.49	3.55	6.58	0.61	5140	0.90	X
Hydraulic crane	130	0.42	1.63	6.21	0.36	4620	0.81	X
Hydraulic excavator	160	0.39	3.13	4.96	0.61	4670	0.82	X	X	X	X
Pneumatic roller	100	0.55	4.86	5.31	0.81	5190	0.91	X	X	X
Self-propelled crane	200	0.42	1.72	6.24	0.44	4620	0.81	X	X	X	X
Tandem roller	125	0.55	4.86	5.31	0.81	4670	0.82	X	X	X	X
Trencher	150	0.70	6.55	5.55	1.03	4660	0.82			X	X
Vibratory roller	174	0.55	4.86	5.31	0.81	4670	0.82	X	X

Figure 1. Diagram of emissions calculation steps.

Figure 2. CO₂ emissions per day for the Little Street project.

Figure 3. CO₂ emissions per day for the West Burkhead project.

Figure 4. CO₂ emissions per day for the Sutton Place project (Phase 1).

Figure 5. CO₂ emissions per day for the Sutton Place project (Phase 2).

Figure 6. Cumulative emissions for all pollutants for Little Street project.

Table 4. Per cent of emissions for each activity for projects with demolition.

Project	Pollutant	Per cent of total emissions per activity
		Demolition	Earthwork	Utility installation	Paving	Other
Little Street	HC	49	19	11	14	7
	CO	45	25	8	16	6
	NOx	22	30	21	17	11
	PM	45	23	10	16	6
	CO2	19	33	20	19	10
	SO2	19	33	20	19	10
West Burkhead	HC	40	37	9	7	7
	CO	37	41	6	9	7
	NOx	16	54	11	9	9
	PM	35	43	7	8	7
	CO2	14	60	10	10	8
	SO2	14	60	10	10	8
Average	HC	45	28	10	11	7
	CO	41	33	7	13	7
	NOx	19	42	16	13	10
	PM	40	33	9	12	7
	CO2	17	47	15	15	9
	SO2	17	47	15	15	9

Figure 7. Visual representation of the per cent of emissions for each activity for projects with demolition.

Table 5. Per cent emissions by equipment type for the projects.

Project	Pollutant	Per cent emissions per equipment type
		FE Loader	Bulldozer	Roller	Trencher	Backhoe	Crane	Excavator	Grader	Other
Little Street	HC	41	10	12	NA	13	8	0	2	15
	CO	37	13	15	NA	13	5	1	2	16
	NOx	17	18	16	NA	8	17	1	3	24
	PM	37	12	15	NA	13	7	1	2	16
	CO2	15	19	18	NA	7	16	1	3	25
	SO2	15	19	18	NA	7	16	1	3	25
West Burkhead	HC	28	5	6	NA	18	5	14	16	24
	CO	25	6	8	NA	17	3	16	16	25
	NOx	10	7	7	NA	9	10	21	24	36
	PM	24	5	7	NA	16	4	17	17	26
	CO2	8	7	7	NA	6	10	24	26	37
	SO2	8	7	7	NA	7	8	24	26	37
Sutton Place Phase 1	HC	45	6	7	31	NA	0	5	2	4
	CO	37	8	8	38	NA	0	5	2	4
	NOx	21	12	10	38	NA	1	10	5	8
	PM	38	7	8	35	NA	0	6	3	5
	CO2	17	13	11	38	NA	1	12	5	9
	SO2	17	13	11	38	NA	1	12	5	9
Sutton Place Phase 2	HC	35	9	10	29	NA	0	8	5	9
	CO	28	10	12	35	NA	0	8	4	8
	NOx	14	15	14	31	NA	0	13	8	13
	PM	29	9	12	32	NA	0	9	5	9
	CO2	11	15	14	30	NA	0	14	9	14
	SO2	11	15	14	30	NA	0	14	9	14

Note: NA signifies that the specified equipment was not used on that project.

Figure 8. Visual representation of the per cent emissions by equipment type for the projects.

Figure 9. Comparison of cumulative CO₂ as per cent for street projects.

Table 6. Emissions metrics for the street construction projects.

Metric	Pollutant	Average Street	Little Street	West Burkhead	Sutton Place Phase 1	Sutton Place Phase 2
Grams per thousand dollars	HC	97	95	109	106	80
	CO	747	680	787	865	656
	NOx	814	791	998	797	670
	PM	3	3	3	3	2
	CO2	680,000	629,000	845,000	673,000	572,000
	SO2	119	110	148	118	100
Grams per foot of street length	HC	17	21	17	18	13
	CO	144	164	135	162	115
	NOx	157	190	165	154	120
	PM	0.5	0.57	0.5	1	0
	CO2	1.62E+05	1.88E+05	1.76E+05	1.59E+05	1.27E+05
	SO2	28	33	31	28	22

EPA. 2010a. Exhaust and Crankcase Emissions Factors for Nonroad Engine Modeling – Compression Ignition. EPA-420-R-10-018. Ann Arbor, MI: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality.

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EPA. 2010b. Median Life, Annual Activity, and Load Factor Values for Nonroad Engine Emissions Modeling. EPA-420-R-10-016. Ann Arbor, MI: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality.

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