Environmental impact assessment of a ceramic tile supply chain – a case study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Basic structure of Umberto model.

Figure 2. Environmental impacts in different phases.

Figure 3. Environmental impacts in different endpoint subcategories.

Figure 4. Environmental impacts in different material and resources used.

Figure 5. Environmental impacts in different midpoint categories phase wise.

Figure 6. Environmental impacts in midpoint categories by different material/resources used.

Table

		Ecosystem quality			Human health			Resources
		CC	FE	TE	HT	OD	PMF	FD	MD
Raw material	Ball and China clay	1.19E+00	1.04E–04	7.09E–03	9.64E–01	7.81E–05	3.58E–01	1.98E+00	9.45E–02
	Quartz	7.50E+00	1.46E–03	4.16E–02	1.56E+01	2.89E–04	1.71E+00	9.83E+00	5.73E–01
	Feldspar	1.09E+01	2.19E–03	5.23E–02	2.34E+01	6.88E–04	2.35E+00	1.81E+01	1.17E+00
	Water	1.42E–01	8.07E–05	7.20E–04	5.11E–01	3.98E–06	3.37E–02	1.65E–01	1.36E–02
	Limestone	1.71E–04	2.77E–08	1.38E–06	2.93E–04	1.05E–08	1.39E–04	2.72E–04	2.08E–05
	Dolomite	1.32E+00	3.90E–04	7.68E–03	4.26E+00	5.68E–05	4.82E–01	1.73E+00	1.24E–01
	Redoxide	7.21E+00	2.21E–02	4.24E–02	3.60E+01	3.05E–04	3.87E+00	9.74E+00	4.04E+02
Manufacturing	Electricity	4.58E+01	1.32E–02	2.40E–01	1.40E+02	3.20E–04	1.34E+01	5.17E+01	4.13E–01
	Natural gas	1.26E+00	1.42E–03	1.66E–02	1.66E+01	2.41E–04	4.50E–01	9.95E+00	6.68E–02
	Packaging box	5.90E+01	2.21E–02	2.46E–01	2.18E+02	4.40E–03	1.08E+01	8.87E+01	7.93E+00
	Packaging film	5.92E+01	6.70E–03	2.17E–01	6.76E+01	8.22E–04	8.58E+00	1.92E+02	1.20E+00
	Grenuals	2.85E–02	5.12E–06	1.79E–04	5.41E–02	1.44E–06	7.89E–03	4.21E–02	4.16E–03
	Machine	1.72E–03	2.87E–06	9.19E–06	3.18E–02	8.68E–08	6.61E–04	1.93E–03	5.65E–03
	Bearing	2.11E–01	7.63E–04	1.08E–03	7.88E–01	7.78E–06	1.07E–01	2.58E–01	1.09E+00
	Oil	1.30E-03	3.59E–07	6.77E–06	4.91E–03	4.01E–07	2.55E–04	1.03E–02	1.63E–04
Distribution/retail	Transport D	1.22E+02	1.49E–02	4.59E–01	1.41E+02	8.18E–03	2.25E+01	2.07E+02	1.15E+01
	Transport C	1.72E+01	2.51E–03	6.15E–02	2.42E+01	1.11E–03	3.18E+00	2.85E+01	1.88E + 00
Installation	Concrete	8.16E+01	8.72E–03	2.37E–01	1.02E+02	1.51E–03	1.09E+01	5.11E+01	4.18E + 00
Disposal/recycling	Packaging film	6.72E+01	3.90E–02	1.09E–02	1.67E+02	9.80E–05	4.70E–01	1.83E+00	1.90E–01
	Packaging box	8.68E–01	5.11E–03	1.52E–02	2.68E+02	5.84E–05	5.75E–01	1.24E+00	4.14E–01
	Inert waste	9.41E+00	1.16E–03	5.55E–02	1.14E+01	8.91E–04	2.65E+00	2.38E+01	8.95E–01

Table

		CC (kg CO2-Eq)	FD (kg oil-Eq)	FE (kg 1,4-DCB-Eq)	HT (kg 1,4-DCB-Eq)	MD (kg Fe-Eq)	OD (kg CFC-11-Eq)	PMF (kg PM10-Eq)	TA (kg SO2-Eq)	WD (m^3)
Raw Material	Ball and china clay	4.51E+01	1.55E+01	8.00E–02	3.77E+00	2.03E+00	3.06E–06	1.41E–01	2.81E–01	3.38E–02
	Quartz	2.89E+02	7.72E+01	1.14E+00	7.15E+01	1.23E+01	1.16E–05	6.76E–01	1.83E+00	4.38E–01
	Feldspar	4.19E+02	1.40E+02	1.72E+00	8.03E+01	2.51E+01	2.78E–05	9.26E–01	2.23E+00	9.60E–01
	Water	5.51E+00	1.29E+00	6.42E–02	2.14E+00	2.92E–01	1.83E–07	1.33E–02	3.26E–02	1.31E+01
	Limestone	6.52E–03	2.13E–03	2.15E–05	1.18E–03	4.48E–04	4.17E–10	5.46E–05	5.62E–05	1.13E–04
	Dolomite	5.12E+01	1.36E+01	3.07E–01	1.60E+01	2.67E+00	2.50E–06	1.90E–01	3.38E–01	1.78E–01
	Redoxide	2.80E+02	7.59E+01	1.76E+01	1.50E+02	8.69E+03	1.34E–05	1.53E+00	1.86E+00	1.51E+00
Manufacturing	Electricity	1.78E+03	4.08E+02	1.05E+01	4.89E+02	8.90E+00	1.55E–05	5.30E+00	1.09E+01	5.39E+00
	Natural Gas	5.77E+01	7.53E+01	1.13E+00	1.81E+01	1.44E+00	9.32E–06	1.77E–01	7.96E–01	2.90E–02
	Packaging box	2.40E+03	6.84E+02	1.75E+01	8.76E+02	1.78E+02	1.77E–04	4.26E+00	1.07E+01	3.62E+01
	Packaging film	2.44E+03	1.49E+03	5.31E+00	2.19E+02	2.59E+01	3.60E–05	3.38E+00	9.68E+00	2.98E+00
	Grenuals	1.10E+00	3.30E–01	4.00E–03	2.26E–01	8.97E–02	5.79E–08	3.11E–03	7.62E–03	2.58E–03
	Machine	6.66E–02	1.51E–02	2.28E–03	1.39E–01	1.22E–01	3.69E–09	2.60E–04	4.15E–04	2.04E–04
	Bearing	8.17E+00	2.01E+00	6.08E–01	5.22E+00	2.36E+01	3.19E–07	4.23E–02	4.81E–02	2.54E–02
	Oil	5.27E–02	8.02E–02	2.82E–04	1.71E–02	3.51E–03	1.58E–08	1.01E–04	3.06E–04	1.39E–04
Distribution/retail	Transport D	4.63E+03	1.62E+03	1.13E+01	5.74E+02	2.48E+02	3.23E–04	8.87E+00	1.87E+01	4.73E+00
	Transport C	6.57E+02	2.23E+02	1.88E+00	1.01E+02	4.05E+01	4.40E–05	1.25E+00	2.53E+00	8.16E–01
Installation	Concrete	3.08E+03	4.04E+02	6.88E+00	6.09E+02	8.93E+01	6.10E–05	4.30E+00	1.02E+01	4.07E+00
Disposal/recycling	Packaging film	2.47E+03	1.43E+01	3.11E+01	2.61E+02	4.09E+00	3.64E–06	1.85E–01	4.37E–01	9.01E–01
	Packaging box	3.83E+01	9.43E+00	4.08E+00	2.70E+02	8.31E+00	2.00E–06	2.26E–01	5.95E–01	1.82E+00
	Inert waste	3.62E+02	1.86E+02	8.99E–01	4.49E+01	1.93E+01	3.50E–05	1.05E+00	2.27E+00	5.62E–01