A multi-objective design optimisation of eco-friendly aircraft: the impact of noise fees on airplanes sustainable development

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of ACARE goals relative to 2000: comparison between Vision 2020 and Flightpath 2050.

	Vision 2020 (%)	Flightpath 2050 (%)
CO2	−50	−75
NOx	−80	−90
Perceived Noise	−50	−65

Table 2. Summary of the performed optimisation analysis.

	OPT-0	OPT-1	OPT-2	OPT-3
ANE (dBA)	J1(x)	Ψ(x)	J2(x)	J1(x)
Wf (kg)	J2(x)	J1(x)	Ψ(x)	J2(x)
NPV (M$)	Ψ(x)	J2(x)	J1(x)	J3(x)
PAC (M$)	–	–	–	Ψ(x)

Table 3. Design variables related to the 164-pax aircraft: reference values, lower bounds and upper bounds.

Design variable	Reference	Lower bound	Upper bound
Half-span (m)	17.30	12.50	25.00
Root chord (m)	5.410	4.000	8.000
Tip chord (m)	1.410	1.000	2.000
Root thickness ratio	0.150	0.100	0.200
Tip thickness ratio	0.108	0.075	0.150
Root attack angle (deg)	3.000	2.000	4.000
Tip attack angle (deg)	1.500	0.000	2.000
Sweep angle (deg)	25.00	20.00	30.00
Dihedral angle (deg)	5.000	2.500	7.500
Flap span ratio	0.680	0.600	0.800
Flap chord ratio	0.110	0.050	0.200

Figure 1. Mission characteristics: geometric altitude h_g and kinematic altitude h_k = v²/2g as a function of the flight duration.

Figure 2. Mission characteristics: true airspeed v_t and vertical velocity v_v = v_t sinγ, with γ the ramp angle.

Figure 3. Feasible solutions (normalised with regard to the values related to a comparable currently flying aircraft) of multi-objective optimisation aimed at minimising the acoustic emissions ANE and the fuel consumption W_f.

Figure 4. Pareto front of multi-objective optimisation aimed at minimising the acoustic emissions ANE and the fuel consumption W_f.

Figure 5. Feasible solutions (normalised with regard to the values related to a comparable currently flying aircraft) of multi-objective optimisation aimed at maximising NPV and minimizing fuel consumption W_f.

Figure 6. Pareto front of multi-objective optimisation aimed at maximising NPV and minimising fuel consumption W_f.

Figure 7. Feasible solutions (normalised with regard to the values related to a comparable currently flying aircraft) of multi-objective optimisation aimed at maximising NPV and minimising acoustic emissions ANE.

Figure 8. Pareto front of multi-objective optimisation aimed at maximising NPV and minimising acoustic emissions ANE.

Figure 9. Feasible solutions (normalised with regard to the values related to a comparable currently flying aircraft) of multi-objective optimisation aimed at maximising NPV and minimising both acoustic emissions ANE and fuel consumption W_f.

Figure 10. Pareto front of multi-objective optimisation aimed at maximising NPV and minimising both acoustic emissions ANE and fuel consumption W_f.

Table A1. Property and liability rules.

Initial entitlement	Injunction & property rule	Damages & liability rule
Sufferer	Rule 1	Rule 2
	The injurer cannot produce the inconvenience and the sufferer can obtain an injunction to stop it	The injurer is not allowed to produce the inconvenience unless they pay the sufferer damages
Injurer	Rule 3	Rule 4
	The injurer can produce the inconvenience without paying the sufferer any damage	The injurer has the right to produce the inconvenience unless the sufferer pays the injurer damages