High-recycled-content hydraulic cements of alternative chemistry for concrete production

Figures & data

Table 1. Chemical composition of waste brick, glass and impounded ash raw materials (wt.%).

	SiO2	CaO	Al2O3	Fe2O3	K2O	Na2O	TiO2	P2O5	LOI
Waste brick	56.8	1.52	17.0	13.0	5.88	0.01	2.60	0.92	5.78
Waste glass	61.6	20.7	1.70	4.55	1.02	5.90	0.18	0.77	1.75
Impounded ash	36.4	3.42	18.2	30.6	0.01	3.05	2.06	1.04	18.4

Figure 1. XRD spectra of as-received waste brick, glass and the impounded ash.

Figure 2. SEM images for the waste brick (a) and the impounded ash (b) used in this investigation.

Table 2. Brick-based cement formulations, wt.%.

	Brick waste	Gypsum	Glass	Na2CO3	MgO
Formulation 1	71.6	3.6	–	21.2	3.6
Formulation 2	68.1	3.6	3.6	21.1	3.6
Formulation 3	68	3.5	3.5	25	–

Table 3. Formulations (wt.%) of raw materials for production of hydraulic cements with impounded ash.

	Impounded ash	Waste glass	Na2CO3	CaO	Al(OH)3
Formulation 4	70	0	30	0	0
Formulation 5	60	0	30	0	10
Formulation 6	55	5	30	0	10
Formulation 7	65	0	25	10	0

Table 4. Concrete mix proportions.

Material	Quantity, kg/m^3
Hydraulic cement	420
Fine aggregate	980
Coarse aggregate	1200
Water-to-cement ratio	0.3–0.5

Figure 3. Visual appearances of concrete cube specimens prepared with hydraulic cement of Formulation 3 processed via ball milling (a), and high-speed grinding (b).

Figure 4. Compressive strength test results (means & 95% confidence intervals) for the brick-based hydraulic cement concrete materials.

Figure 5. FTIR spectra of as-received brick, brick-based hydraulic cement, and the paste resulting from hydration of this cement.

Figure 6. ²⁷Al MQ/MAS NMR Data ((a): waste brick and (b): mechanochemically processed brick-based hydraulic cement).

Figure 7. SEM image and EDS spectra for C&D waste brick-based cement paste.

Figure 8. Compressive strength test results (means & 95% confidence intervals) for the impounded ash-based hydraulic cement concrete materials.

Figure 9. SEM image and EDS spectra for the impounded ash-based cement paste.