Identification of potential applications for recycled polymeric multi-material

Figures & data

Table 1. Injection moulding parameters.

Melting temperature	200 °C
Mould Temperature	30 °C
Injection pressure/post pressure	300/280 bar
Injection time	8s

Table 2. Property charts structure.

Chart	Y axis	X axis
1	Yield Strength	Density
2	Young’s Modulus	Density
3	Young’s Modulus	Yield Strength
4	Yield Strength	Elongation
5	Tan delta	Young’s Modulus

Table 3. Factors that characterise polymer recycling networks.

Categories	Subcategories	Descriptors	Validation	References
Process variables	Technical optimisation	Separation efficiency	Lit. and indust. expertise	Welle (2011), Patel et al. (2000), Soroudi and Jakubowicz (2013)
		Treatment efficiency	Lit. and indust. expertise	Hamad, Kaseem, and Deri (2013), Patel et al. (2000), Shen and Worrell (2014), Soroudi and Jakubowicz (2013), Welle (2011)
		Secondary material properties	Lit. and indust. expert	Howell (1992), Haeusler and Pellan (2012), Soroudi and Jakubowicz (2013), Hamad, Kaseem, and Deri (2013), Shen and Worrell (2014), Sadat-Shojai and Bakhshandeh (2011), Patel et al. (2000), Hopewell, Dvorak, and Kosior (2009)
	Product design	Material mixes	Lit. and indust. expertise	Welle (2011), Patel et al. (2000), Shen and Worrell (2014), Hopewell, Dvorak, and Kosior (2009)
		Material concentration in component	Literature	Welle (2011)
Market variables	Macro	Global material demand prediction	Industrial expertise	–
		Material accumulation in use	Industrial expertise	–
		Price of virgin raw materials	Lit. and indust. expertise	Haeusler and Pellan (2012), Patel et al. (2000), Hopewell, Dvorak, and Kosior (2009)
		Price of secondary raw materials	Industrial expertise	–
		Size of waste deposit	Lit. and indust. expertise	Patel et al. (2000), Soroudi and Jakubowicz (2013), Welle (2011)
		Quality of waste deposit	Lit. and indust. expertise	Shen and Worrell (2014)
	Micro	Transportation costs	Lit. and indust. expertise	Patel et al. (2000)
		Labour costs	Industrial expertise	–
		Downstream secondary material applications	Lit. and indust. expertise	Welle (2011), Hopewell, Dvorak, and Kosior (2009)
Environment conditions	End-of-life network configuration	Collection mechanisms	Lit. and indust. expertise	Soroudi and Jakubowicz (2013), Welle (2011), Shen and Worrell (2014), Al-Salem, Lettieri, and Baeyens (2010), Hopewell, Dvorak, and Kosior (2009)
		Waste management development level	Lit. and indust. expertise	Hopewell, Dvorak, and Kosior (2009)
	Regulatory framework	Environmental regulations	Industrial expertise	–
		Raw material policies and economic incentives	Industrial expertise	–
	Social involvement	Consumers	Lit. and indust. expertise	Welle (2011)
		Manufacturers	Lit. and indust. expertise	Welle (2011), Hopewell, Dvorak, and Kosior (2009)

Table 4. Characterisation results.

Property	Unit	Average
Density	kg/m³	898.1 ± 0.068
Yield Strength	MPa	20.92 ± 0.51
Ultimate Strength	MPa	21.33 ± 0.82
Elongation at Break	%	153 ± 36.3
Young’s Modulus	GPa	0.729 ± 0.03
Tan delta	–	0.106 ± 0.006

Figure 1. Materials properties chart 1 (Yield strength against Density).

Figure 2. Materials properties chart 2 (Young’s Modulus against Density).

Figure 3. Materials properties chart 3 (Young’s Modulus against Yield Strength).

Figure 4. Materials properties chart 4 (Yield Strength against Elongation).

Figure 5. Materials properties chart 5 (Tan delta against Young’s Modulus).

Figure 6. Position of the NRM in a multiple life cycle perspective.

Table 5. Impact assessment of the introduction of the NRM on polymer recycling networks.

			Impact
Categories	Subcategories	Descriptors	End of life 1	End of life 2
Process variables	Technical optimisation	Separation efficiency	++	+
		Treatment efficiency	++	−
		Secondary material properties	+	−
	Product design	Material mixes	++	+
		Material concentration in component	0	+
Market variables	Macro	Global material demand prediction	0	0
		Material accumulation in use	0	−
		Price of virgin raw materials	0	0
		Price of secondary raw materials	0	0
		Size of waste deposit	+	−
		Quality of waste deposit	+	−
	Micro	Transportation costs	0	+
		Labour costs	0	0
		Downstream secondary material applications	+	0
Environment conditions	End-of-life network configuration	Collection mechanisms	0	0
		Waste management development level	0	−
	Regulatory framework	Environmental regulations	0	0
		Raw material policies and economic incentives	0	0
	Social involvement	Consumers	0	0
		Manufacturers	0	+

Notes: Qualitatitve impact scale: ++ for very positive impact; + for positive impact impact; 0 for no impact; − for negative impact.

Welle, F. 2011. “Twenty Years of PET Bottle to Bottle recycling—An Overview.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 55 (no. 11, Sep.): 865–875. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.04.009.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Patel, M., N. von Thienen, E. Jochem, and E. Worrell. 2000. “Recycling of Plastics in Germany.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 29 (no. 1–2, May): 65–90. doi:10.1016/S0921-3449(99)00058-0. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921344999000580.

 Google Scholar

Soroudi, Azadeh, and Ignacy Jakubowicz. 2013. “Recycling of Bioplastics, Their Blends and Biocomposites: A Review.” European Polymer Journal 49 (10, Oct.): 2839–2858. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.07.025.

 Google Scholar

Hamad, K., M. Kaseem, and F. Deri. 2013. “Recycling of Waste from Polymer Materials: An Overview of the Recent Works.” Polymer Degradation and Stability 98 (no. 12, Dec.): 2801–2812. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.09.025.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Shen, Li, and Ernst Worrell. 2014. “Plastic Recycling.” In Handbook of Recycling, edited by E.Worrell and M. Reuter, 179–190. Amsterdam: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-396459-5.00013-1.

 Google Scholar

Howell, S. G. 1992. “A Ten Year Review of Plastics Recycling.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 29 (no. 2, Jan.): 143–164. doi:10.1016/0304-3894(92)85066-A.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Haeusler, L., and L. Pellan. 2012. “Enquête Sur Le Recyclage Des Plastiques En 2010” [Plastic Recycling Survey 2010]. Angers.

 Google Scholar

Sadat-Shojai, Mehdi, and Gholam-Reza Bakhshandeh. 2011. “Recycling of PVC Wastes.” Polymer Degradation and Stability 96 (no. 4, Apr.): 404–415. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.12.001.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Al-Salem, S. M., P. Lettieri, and J. Baeyens. 2010. “The Valorization of Plastic Solid Waste (PSW) by Primary to Quaternary Routes: From Re-Use to Energy and Chemicals.” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 36 (no. 1, Feb.): 103–129. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2009.09.001.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar