Selection method of sustainable product-service system scenarios to support decision-making during early design stages

Figures & data

Table 1. Sustainability dimensions (Vezzoli et al. 2014).

Sustainable pillars	Sustainability dimensions
Social	Improve employment/working conditions
	Improve equity and justice in relation with stakeholders
	Enable responsible/sustainable consumption
	Favour/integrate the weak and marginalised
	Improve social cohesion
	Empower/valorise local resources
Economic	Market position and competitiveness
	Profitability/added value for businesses
	Added value for clients
	Long-term business development
	Partnership/cooperation
	Macro-economic effect
Environment	System life optimisation
	Transportation/distribution reduction
	Resource reduction
	Waste minimisation/valorisation
	Conservation/biocompatibility
	Toxicity reduction

Figure 1. the selection method of sustainable PSS scenarios.

Table 2. Potential impacts of needs (B) on sustainability dimensions (E).

	E1 – Improve equity and justice in relation with stakeholders	E2 – Empower or valorise local resources	E3 – Added value for customers	E4 – Long-term business development	E5 – System life optimisation	E6 – Transportation & distribution reduction
B1 – Wash the patient	1	2	3	1	2	1
B2 – Maintain the system	2	0	3	2	1	0
B3 – Reduce health risk	0	0	1	1	2	2
B4 – Control the overall cost	1	1	3	2	0	0

Table 3. Contribution of the actors (A) to the function (F) in the first scenario.

B		B1 – Wash the patient		B2 – Maintain the system		B3 – Reduce health risk		B4 – Control the overall cost
F		F1 – Provide a personalised service to the patient	F2 – Provide a sufficient water jet for washing of the body	F3 – Implement a preventive maintenance process	F4 – Implement a curative maintenance process	F5 – Diagnosis of the behaviour	F6 – Control the health risk	F7 – Reduce the consumption of raw material	F8 – Reduce the consumption of water and energy	F9 – Reduce the workforce
A	A1 – ECOBEL	X	X	X		X	X	X	X
	A2 – Hospital	X	X	X	X	X	X		X	X
	A3 – ADAPEI				X			X

Figure 2. C matrix of potential sustainability impacts of the functions.

Table 4. Potential impact of actors.

	E	E1 – Improve equity and justice in relation with stakeholders	E2 – Empower/valorise local resources	E3 – Added value for customers	E4 – Long-term business development	E5 – System life optimisation	E6 – Transportation/distribution reduction
A	A1 – ECOBEL	8/3	8/3	15/2	13/3	9/2	3
	A2 – Hospital	11/3	8/3	9	16/3	5	3
	A3 – ADAPEI	4/3	1/3	5/2	5/3	1/2	0

Table 5. Assessment of the impact of the actors involved in scenario 1 on the sustainability dimensions.

	E1 – Improve equity and justice in relation with stakeholders	E2 – Empower/valorise local resources	E3 – Added value for customers	E4 – 0Long-term business development	E5 – System life optimisation	E6 – Transportation/distribution reduction
A1 – ECOBEL	2,5	2,0	1,1	1,4	2,9	2,0
A2 – Hospital	2,5	2,3	2,5	2,4	2,9	2,0
A3 – ADAPEI	3,0	3,0	2,5	2,6	2,9	2,0

Table 6. Assessment of the impact of the actors involved in the other scenarios on the sustainability dimensions.

	E1 – Improve equity and justice in relation with stakeholders	E2 – Empower/valorise local resources	E3 – Added value for customers	E4 – Long-term business development	E5 – System life optimisation	E6 – Transportation/distribution reduction
SCENARIO 2
A1 – ECOBEL	2,5	1,5	1,1	1,4	2,9	2,0
A2 – Hospital	1,5	1,5	2,3	2,0	2,9	2,0
A3 – classical manufacturer	0,0	0,5	0,8	1,0	2,9	2,0
SCENARIO 3
A1 – ECOBEL	1.25	2,0	0,38	0	2,9	1,67
A2 – Hospital	2,0	2,0	2,1	0,3	2,9	2,0
A3 – ADAPEI	3,0	3,0	2,0	1,4	2,9	2,0

Table 7. global weights of the sustainable dimensions for each actor.

	E1 – Improve equity and justice in relation with stakeholders	E2 – Empower/valorise local resources	E3 – Added value for customers	E4 – 0Long-term business development	E5 – System life optimisation	E6 – Transportation/distribution reduction
A1 – ECOBEL	0,12	0,10	0,31	0,18	0,17	0,11
A2 – Hospital	0,13	0,10	0,32	0,18	0,17	0,10
A3 – ADAPEI	0,23	0,03	0,39	0,26	0,10	0,00

Table 8. Concordance (C Index) and Discordance (D Index) indexes for ECOBEL.

C	Scenario 1	Scenario 2	Scenario 3	D	Scenario 1	Scenario 2	Scenario 3
Scenario 1	-	1*	1*		-	0*	0*
Scenario 2	0,9*	-	0,9*		1	-	1
Scenario 3	0	0,27	-		1	1	-

Table 9. Computation of the Concordance (C Index) and Discordance (D Index) indexes for Hospital.

C Index	Scenario 1	Scenario 2	Scenario 3	D Index	Scenario 1	Scenario 2	Scenario 3
Scenario 1	-	1*	1*		-	0*	0*
Scenario 2	0,37	-	0,77*		1	-	0,5
Scenario 3	0	0,5	-		1	0,7	-

Table 10. Computation of the Concordance (C Index) and Discordance (D Index) indexes for ADAPEI.

C	Scenario 1	Scenario 3	D	Scenario 1	Scenario 3
Scenario 1	-	1*		-	0*
Scenario 3	0,35	-		0,75	-

Table

Dimensions	Indicators
Employment/working conditions	Risk of child labour
	Risk of teenagers labour
	Risk of forced labour
	Risk of all forms of discrimination in the workplace
	Risk of intervention on right of workers
	Risk of discrimination about the age of the worker
	Risk of excessive working hours
	Risk of intervention on right to collective negotiation
Equity and justice in relation to stakeholders	Involvement of stakeholders in design processes
	Consider stakeholders’ expectations and potentialities
	Promote the adoption of social certification systems by suppliers and subcontractors
	Promote the quality and accessibility of common goods
Responsible/sustainable consumption	Adopt standards underlining the social sustainability
	Provide the information to educate the end-user on sustainable behaviour
	Responsible/sustainable participation of the end-user
	Involve the end-user in the implementation of his/her own product-service systems towards sustainable behaviour
	Involve the end-user in the design process, of his/her own product-service systems towards sustainable behaviour
Integrate the weaker and marginalised	Involve the conditions for weaker social strata
	Involve marginalised persons offering them qualifying jobs which enhance their competences
	Involve introducing foreigners into the social context
	Develop offer at a cost accessible even for people of low-income
	Diversify the offer to increase the access capacities
	Develop systems with shared economic property
	Develop systems which promote labour services with equitable access
	Develop systems which involve product sharing and cost reductions
	Develop systems which allow easier access to credit
Social cohesion	Risk of gender marginalisation
	Risk of marginalisation between cultures or generations
	Risk of gender discrimination
	Risk of cultural discrimination
Empower/valorise local resources	Influence of the system on the local economy
	Link between the system and the educational and training institutions
Market position	Visibility of the offer on the market
Added value for businesses	Risk of fast evolution of customer’s needs
	Risk of non-responsiveness to the evolution of customer’s needs
	Value of products or support products at their end-of-life
Added value for clients	Reduce the cost of waste disposal
	Increase the revenue
	Cost reduction
	Debt/taxes reduction
	Increase the satisfaction
	Responsibility transfer
	Customisation of the offer
	Flexibility
Long-term business development	Potential improvement of the flexibility
	Potential improvement of the innovation capacity
	Use of a tracking method
	Potential of knowledge integration
	Expertise in information and knowledge management
	Risk investment
	Risk of the evolution of the law
Partnership	Potential partnership identification
	Amount of partnership
	Potential improvement of the organisation
	Potential of price reduction
	Potential improvement of the visibility of the offer
Macro-economic effect	Potential impact on local economy
	Use of local products or support products
	Potential for local job creation
System life optimisation	Amount of disposal products
	Amount of single use products
	Amount of packaging
	Packaging recyclability
	Functional obsolescence
	planned outage
	Expiration by notification
	Obsolescence by incompatibility
	Aesthetic obsolescence
	Existence of more easily weared out part
Transportation reduction	Transport of goods
	Transport of people
	Optimisation of the transport logistic
Resource reduction	Amount of energy used
	Use of eco-design method
	Amount of natural resources or consumables
Waste minimisation/valorisation	Implementation of end-of-life product recovery system
	Amount of waste destined to landfill
Conservation/biocompatibility	Amount of non-renewable resources or with a very low renewal rate
toxicity reduction	Amount of potential hazardous substance
	Existence of a mechanism to prevent contamination risk

Vezzoli, C., C. Kohtala, A. Srinivasan, L. Xin, M. Fusakul, D. Sateesh, and J. C. Diehl. 2014. Product-Service System Design for Sustainability. Greenleaf Publishing.

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