https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5173-2680
Figures & data
Figure 1. Overview of the life-cycle engineering model for material selection
Figure 2. Life cycle cost model
Figure 3. Technical evaluation methodology
Table 1. Biocomposite blend alternatives for bottle lids
Table 2. LCA inventory data sources of the disposable lid life cycle
Table 3. LCC inventory data sources of the disposable lid life cycle
Figure 4. Some stages of biocomposite lid manufacture from banana fibre source
Figure 5. System boundaries definition and LCE methodology. LCA: green shading, LCC: orange shading and technical: grey shading
Figure 6. ReCiPe ENDPOINT impact categories for the impacts human health, ecosystems and resource of two base lids 100%-HDPE and 100%-PLA and ten biocomposite lid alternative
Figure 7. Contribution of life cycle stages to total scores of two base lids 100%-HDPE and 100%-PLA and ten biocomposite lid alternatives. To highlight the contribution of the single components’ production, pellets production splits into HDPE, PLA, PE-g-MA and extrusion
Figure 8. Flowsheet of the overall process of lids with 40% of banana fibre, 30% of PLA and 30% of HDPE
Figure 9. LCC costs for 100%-HDPE and 100%-PLA and ten alternative biocomposite lids
Figure 10. Contribution of costs of the 40%BF, 30%HDPE and 30% PLA lid. (a). Contribution of every stage to total lid cycle and (b). Contribution of costs per stage
Table 4. Product requirements evaluation and weights applied for the material properties
Table 5. Technical performance evaluation
Table 6. Dimensionless (Dim) data from the environmental, economic and technical performance
Figure 11. Global evaluation of materials for lids based on environmental, economic and technical performance dimensions. Weight criteria: environmental 50% economic 30% and technical 20%. a. Approach 1 b. Approach 2 (Table 6)
