A framework for the integration of lean, green and sustainability practices for operation performance in South African SMEs

Figures & data

Table 1. Critical lean practices in SMEs

Authors	Lean Manufacturing Practices
	5s	Kaizen	SMED	VC	VSM	CL	TPM	KANBAN	ET	TW	CF	LSR	SW	PY	TW
Bicheno and Holweg (2000)	x		x		x	x		x	x	x			x		x
Garbie (2010)		x	x				x		x	x		x
Saboo et al. (2014)				x		x					x			x
Kilpatrick (2003)		x			x		x	x		x		x	x
Radnor et al. (2006)	x		x			x			x					x	x
Gunasekaran, Forker, and Kobu (2000)		x		x	x		x	x			x			x
Achanga et al. (2006)			x			x			x	x		x
George and George (2000)		x		x			x	x					x	x
Rose et al. 2011, January)	x		x		x		x			x	x				x
Upadhye, Deshmukh, and Garg 2010		x		x		x		x	x			x
Singh, Garg, and Deshmukh (2008)	x				x					x	x		x
Wadhwa (2014)	x		x			x	x	x	x			x			x
Ferdousi and Ahmed (2010)				x	x			x	x
Mathur, Mittal, and Dangayach (2012)						x	x			x	x	x	x		x
Womack, Jones, and Roos (2007)	x		x		x			x	x				x
Pojasek (2003)		x		x		x	x			x		x		x

Table 2. Literature related to the implementation of GMP in SMEs

Authors	GM practices
	EMS	LCA	DFE	EEC	RRR	GSC	ONR	ISO14001	EFR
Singh, Brueckner, and Padhy (2015),	x		x		x		x		x
Morrow and Rondinelli (2002)		x		x	x	x	x
Agan, Acar, and Borodin (2013),	x	x	x		x			x	x
Vachon (2007)		x		x			x
Despeisse, Oates, and Ball (2013)		x					x
Onsrud and Simon (2013)	x			x	x				x
Ramayah et al. 2012	x		x					x
Govindan et al. 2014	x			x				x
Rasi, Abdekhodaee, and Nagarajah (2010)		x			x			x
Phungrassami (2008)	x	x							x
Lee (2008)	x			x			x	x
Routroy (2009)	x		x				x		x

Table 3. The sustainable practices in the literature related to SMEs

Authors	Sustainable practices
	DCM	IP	RCW	WCI	RLI	IPR	RPE	RE	RSLW
Zhu, Sarkis, and Lai (2012)	x		x		x		x
Wong, Ignatius, and Soh (2014)		x		x	x	x	x
Jayaraman, Singh, and Anandnarayan (2012)	x	x	x		x			x	x
Sajan, Shalij, and Ramesh (2017)		x		x			x
Kamble, Gunasekaran, and Dhone (2020)		x					x
Chugani et al. (2017)	x			x	x
Ball 2015	x		x					x	x
Garza-Reyes et al. (2016)	x			x				x
Rothenberg, Pil, and Maxwell (2001)		x			x			x
Pampanelli, Found, and Bernardes (2014)	x	x
Azevedo et al. (2012)	x			x			x	x	x
King and Lenox (2001)	x		x				x

Figure 1. Research Framework.

Figure 2. Result of structural model.

Table 4. Survey results

Below lean Manufacturing Practices helps to improve business performance, improve customer satisfaction, and makes the organisation more competitive	Factor Loading	Mean Value	Std Deviation	Cronbach Alpha
5s	0.823	3.28	1.32	0.78
Kaizen	0.82	3.21	1.31
SMED	0.721	3.05	1.48
Visual Control	0.825	3.45	1.2
VSM	0.751	2.85	1.34
Cellular Layout	0.621	3.45	1.54
TPM	0.705	3.04	1.24
KANBAN	0.625	2.9	1.27
Employee Training	0.824	3.25	1.23
Team Work	0.874	3.54	1.05
Continuous Flow	0.714	3.47	1.02
Lot Size Reduction	0.758	3.85	1.2
Standard Work	0.854	3.96	1.03
Poka Yoka	0.678	3.45	1.06
Team Work	0.814	3.56	1.21
Below green manufacturing practices reduce the operating cost and increase the product value	FactorLoading	MeanValue	StdDeviation	Cronbach Alpha
Environmental Management System	0.825	3.54	1.02	0.81
Life Cycle Assessment	0.841	3.74	1.05
Design for Environment	0.826	3.51	1.08
Environmental Emission Control	0.879	3.61	1.07
Reducing, Reusing and Recycling	0.863	3.72	1.01
Green Supply Chain Practise	0.795	3.76	1.04
Optimum use of Natural Resources	0.798	3.58	1.06
ISO14001	0.925	3.65	1.2
Use of Environmentally friendly Raw material	0.915	3.64	1.05
Below sustainable manufacturing practices reduce waste and environmental impact	FactorLoading	Mean Value	StdDeviation	Crobacha’s Alpha
Decreased the Cost of Manufacturing	0.925	3.85	1.05	0.79
Increased the Profit	0.915	3.92	1.02
Reduced the Cost of Waste treatment	0.845	3.91	1.04
Working Condition Improved	0.812	3.85	1.03
Relation among the Labour Improved	0.865	3.75	1.11
Improved Product Responsibility	0.756	3.62	1.15
Reduction in Production Emission per unit	0.745	3.65	1.07
Reduction in Energy in terms of noise, heat, and radiation	0.765	3.51	1.08
Reduction in Solid and Liquid Waste	0.91	3.95	1.11

Table 5. Hypothesis test results

Hypothesis	Hypothesis statement	Estimate	S. E	CR	Sig	Result
Direct effects
H1	LM→SP	0.358	0.115	4.527	0.001	supported
H2	LM→GMP	0.615	0.075	4.962	0.001	supported
Mediating effect
H3	LM→GMP→SP	0.508	0.67	2.56	0.001	supported

Table

Construct	Source	Measures
Lean Practices Green manufacturing practices Sustainable manufacturing	Achanga et al. (2006) Rose et al. 2011, January, January) Upadhye, Deshmukh, and Garg (2010) Singh, Garg, and Deshmukh (2008) Wadhwa (2014) Ferdousi and Ahmed (2010) Mathur, Mittal, and Dangayach (2012) Womack, Jones, and Roos (2007) Pojasek (2003) Bicheno and Holweg (2000) Garbie (2010) Saboo et al. (2014) Kilpatrick (2003) Radnor et al. (2006) Gunasekaran, Forker, and Kobu (2000) Singh, Brueckner, and Padhy (2015), Morrow and Rondinelli (2002) Agan, Acar, and Borodin (2013), Vachon (2007) Despeisse, Oates, and Ball (2013) Onsrud and Simon (2013) Ramayah et al. (2012) Govindan et al. (2014) Rasi, Abdekhodaee, and Nagarajah (2010) Phungrassami (2008) Lee (2008) Routroy (2009) Zhu, Sarkis, and Lai (2012) Wong, Ignatius, and Soh (2014) Jayaraman, Singh, and Anandnarayan (2012) Sajan, Shalij, and Ramesh (2017) Kamble, Gunasekaran, and Dhone (2020) Chugani et al. (2017) Ball (2015) Garza-Reyes et al. (2016) Rothenberg, Pil, and Maxwell (2001) Pampanelli, Found, and Bernardes (2014) Azevedo et al. (2012) King and Lenox (2001)	Below lean Manufacturing Practices helps to improve business performance a)5s b) Kaizen c)SMED d)Visual Control e) VSM f) Cellular Layout (CL) g) TPM h) KANBAN i)Employee Training (ET) j) Teamwork (TW) k) Continuous Flow (CF) l)Lot Size reduction (LSR) m) Standard Work (SW) n) Poka Yoka (PY) o) Team Work (TW) Below green Manufacturing Practices helps to improve business performance a) Environmental System Management (EMS.) b) Assessment of Life cycle (LCA.) c) Design for Environment (DFE.) d) Control of Environmental emission (EEC.) e) Reducing, reusing, and recycling (RRR.) f) Green Supply Chain practice (GSC.) g) Use of Optimum Natural Resources (ONR.) h) ISO14001 i) Use of Environmentally Friendly raw material (EFR.) Below Sustainable Manufacturing Practices helps to improve business performance a) Decreased the Cost of Manufacturing (DCM.) b) Increased the Profit(IP.) c) Reduced the Cost of Waste treatment (RCW) d) Working Condition Improved (WCI.) e) Relation among the labour Improved (RLI.) f) Improved Product Responsibility (IPR.) g) Reduction in Production Emission per unit (RPE) h) Reduction in Energy in terms of noise, heat, and radiation (RPE) i) Reduction in Solid and Liquid Waste (RSLW).

Table

Data collection method The sampling technique used. Sample size Timeframe Respondent profile Response rate

Survey-based Purposive 210 Four months (February 2020 -May 2020) Plant manager, Manufacture ring Manager, Manufacture ring Manager, Senior Engineer quality control, lean and six sigma 30%

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