Mechanical, wear and thermal conductivity characteristics of snail shell-derived hydroxyapatite reinforced epoxy bio-composites for adhesive biomaterials applications

Figures & data

Plate 1: (a) White-shelled snail (archatina manginatta) and (b) Snail shell.

Plate 2: Synthesised snail shell derived hydroxyapatite.

Table 1. Mass ratio of the developed epoxy bio-composites

Weight (%)	Epoxy Resin (g)	Hardener (g)	Snail Shell (g)
3	226.33	113.16	10.50
6	219.33	109.66	21.00
9	212.33	106.17	31.50
12	205.33	102.67	42.00
15	198.33	99.17	52.50

Plate 3: XRD diffraction pattern of snail shell derived HAp particles.

Plate 3: SEM Image of snail shell derived HAp particles.

Table 2. XRD diffraction peaks of snail shell-derived HAp particles

Peak	2θ/degree	Plane	Intensity	d-Valve (A°)	Mineral Phase
1	21.56	200	51.35	4.1072	Calcium carbonate
2	27.54	111	51.10	3.2359	Apatite
3	30.02	002	48.70	2.9741	Hydroxyapatite
4	31.00	112	192.30	2.8829	Calcite
5	31.98	210	48.93	2.7965	Dolomite
6	32.48	113	33.57	2.7545	Aragonite
7	33.59	211	200.00	2.6659	hydroxyapatite
8	34.26	202	46.20	2.6152	hydroxyapatite
9	38.03	212	26.14	2.3643	Calcite
10	38.50	310	46.41	2.3364	Calcium Chloride
11	41.15	311	25.98	2.1918	hydroxyapatite
12	41.50	203	46.38	2.1742	hydroxyapatite
13	43.01	222	25.98	2.1012	Aragonite
14	44.50	312	23.10	2.0334	Quartz
15	45.01	213	26.01	2.0099	β-calcium phosphate
16	50.03	321	84.70	1.8217	hydroxyapatite
17	52.16	410	23.48	1.7521	Aragonite
18	54.21	402	33.57	1.6907	Apatite
19	54.38	104	21.35	1.6857	hydroxyapatite
20	56.78	322	81.93	1.6201	hydroxyapatite
21	59.21	313	34.00	1.5593	Calcite

Figure 1. Influence of snail shell-based HAp particles on the tensile stress–strain curve of the developed bio-composites and the control.

Figure 2. Effect of the addition of snail shell-based HAp particles on the tensile properties of epoxy bio-composites.

Figure 3. Tensile strain at maximum tensile strength of the control and snail shell-based HAp reinforced samples.

Figure 4. Effect of the addition of snail shell-based HAp particles on flexural properties.

Figure 5. Flexural strain at maximum flexural strength of the control and snail shell-based HAp reinforced samples.

Figure 6. Effects of the addition of snail shell-based HAp particles on hardness property of the samples.

Figure 7. Effect of the addition of snail shell-based HAp particles on the impact energy of the developed bio-composites and the control.

Figure 8. Effect of the addition of snail shell-based HAp particles on wear resistance.

Figure 9. Effect of the addition of snail shell-based HAp particles on thermal conductivity.

Figure 10. Variation of water absorption properties on the snail shell-based HAp reinforcements.

Plate 6: Bio-composite sample with 3 wt.% snail shell derived HAp.

Plate 7: Bio-composite sample with 6 wt.% snail shell derived HAp.

Plate 8: Bio-composite sample with 9 wt.% snail shell derived HAp.

Plate 9: Bio-composite sample with 12 wt.% snail shell derived HAp.

Plate 10: Bio-composite sample with 15 wt.% snail shell derived HAp.