Plastic waste management and safety disinfection processes for reduced the COVID-19 Hazards

Figures & data

Table 1. Research published in 2022 on plastic waste management based on COVID-19 pandemics.

Ref.	Title	Main research content
(Singh et al. 2022)	Solid waste management during COVID-19 pandemic: Recovery techniques and responses	Highlights the major issues faced by the solid waste management sector during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the underlying options for filling the gaps in the existing system, by focusing on specific areas that have been the most significant source of concern throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in the waste management process.
(Tamal et al., 2022)	Estimation of the healthcare waste generation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh	Estimation of healthcare waste created in Bangladesh during the COVID-19 epidemic and COVID-related waste management
(Ranjbari et al. 2022)	Waste management beyond the COVID-19 pandemic: Bibliometric and text mining analyses	The visible and identified Bibliometric and text mining assessments of prominent waste management research issues in light of COVID-19 highlight a post-pandemic WM research plan.
(Harussani et al. 2022)	Pyrolysis of polypropylene plastic waste into carbonaceous char: Priority of plastic waste management amidst COVID-19 pandemic	outlines the pyrolysis method for processing plastic wastes, emphasising the importance of converting plastic waste into sustainable energy. According to studies, converting PP plastic to fuel-like liquid oil and solid char through the pyrolysis process reduces the amount of PP plastic waste.
(Amuah et al. 2022)	Are used face masks handled as infectious waste? Novel pollution driven by the COVID-19 pandemic	evaluating the use of face masks and their distribution during the COVID-19 pandemic
(Hasija et al. 2022)	The environmental impact of mass coronavirus vaccinations: A point of view on huge COVID-19 vaccine waste across the globe during ongoing vaccine campaigns	Gives a critical point of view on vaccine waste generation and the resulting impact on all elements of the environment. The dangers of releasing a large volume of plastic-based personal protection equipment into the maritime environment are discussed. The critical CO2 emission issue during the production and storage of several vaccinations led to global warming.
(Carlos Ivan et al., 2022)	Degradation of plastics associated with the COVID-19 pandemic	Integrates and evaluates current research on PPE contamination, PPE degradation, and PPEsubproducts such as microplastics, protective equipment, and chemical substances.
(Ilyas et al., 2020)	Disinfection technology and strategies for COVID-19 hospital and bio-medical waste management	Disinfection of bio-waste is necessary to control the mass spread of pandemic. Effective management of bio-waste is challenging to mitigate the health risks.

Figure 1. Schematic drawings of (a) woven, (b) nonwoven, and (c) knitted fabrics (above) and a medical mask made from non-woven PP fabrics (below).

Show how the manufacture of woven,nonwoven and knitted fabric.

Figure 2. Applying management science methods to solve COVID-19 waste issues and highlighting the important methods for optimizing decision-making.

It is highlighting the important methods for optimising the decision-making to solve COVID-19 waste issues.

Figure 3. Medical waste management of disinfection and disposal practices.

Procedures for disposing of and disinfecting medical waste.

Figure 4. Represents the mechanism of microwaves in which coronaviruses are disinfected by their irradiation and the difference between the microwave and the traditional technique of disinfecting coronavirus waste, such as an autoclave.

represents the way in which microwaves work to disinfect coronaviruses through their irradiation and how that differs from the more conventional methods of doing so, including using an autoclave.

Figure 5. The Eight Advanced and unadvanced categories of medical waste management.

Figure 6. The inverted microscope images of (a) un-irradiated and (b) irradiated face mask samples at dose of 25 kGy.

The inverted microscope images of samples of a 25 kGy dose of radiation on a face mask that were irradiated and unirradiated.

Figure 7. The DSC thermogram of (a) un-irradiated and (b) irradiated face mask samples at dose of 25 kGy.

The DSC thermograms of samples irradiated at dose of 25 kGy.

Figure 8. The FTIR charts of (a) un-irradiated and (b) irradiated face mask samples at dose of 25 kGy.

The FTIR charts of irradiated samples of a face mask.

Figure 9. Outlines the gamma irradiation that disinfects coronaviruses waste and how the biohazard materials become more safe and recyclable after exposure to gamma irradiation.

Explains how biohazard materials become more safe and recyclable after being exposed to gamma irradiation, which disinfects coronavirus waste.

Singh, E., A. Kumar, R. Mishra, and S. Kumar. 2022. “Solid Waste Management During COVID-19 Pandemic: Recovery Techniques and Responses.” Chemosphere 288: 132451. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132451.

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Tamal, C., H. Chowdhury, M. Salman Rahman, N. Hossain, A. Ahmed, and S. M. Sait. 2022. “Estimation of the Healthcare Waste Generation During COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh.” The Science of the Total Environment 811: 152295. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152295.

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Ranjbari, M., Z. Shams Esfandabadi, S. Gautam, A. Ferraris, and S. Domenico Scagnelli. 2022. “Waste Management Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic: Bibliometric and Text Mining Analyses.” Gondwana Research 114: 124–137. Gondwana Research. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2021.12.015.

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Harussani, M. M., S. M. Sapuan, A. K. Umer Rashid, R. A. Ilyas, and R. A. Ilyas. 2022. “Pyrolysis of Polypropylene Plastic Waste into Carbonaceous Char: Priority of Plastic Waste Management Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic.” The Science of the Total Environment 803: 149911. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149911.

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Amuah, E. E. Y., E. Pambour Agyemang, P. Dankwa, B. Fei-Baffoe, R. Webrah Kazapoe, and N. Biyogue Douti. 2022. “Are Used Face Masks Handled as Infectious Waste? Novel Pollution Driven by the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Resources, Conservation & Recycling Advances 13: 200062. doi:10.1016/j.rcradv.2021.200062.

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Hasija, V., S. Patial, P. Raizada, S. Thakur, P. Singh, and C. Mustansar Hussain. 2022. “The Environmental Impact of Mass Coronavirus Vaccinations: A Point of View on Huge COVID-19 Vaccine Waste Across the Globe During Ongoing Vaccine Campaigns.” The Science of the Total Environment 813: 151881. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151881.

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Carlos Ivan, P.O., D. Carolina Dioses-Salinas, M. D. Fernández Severini, A. D. Forero López, G. Noé Rimondino, N. U. Benson, S. Dobaradaran, and G. Enrique De-la-Torre. 2022. “Degradation of Plastics Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 176: 113474. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113474.

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Ilyas, S., R. Ranjan Srivastava, and H. Kim. 2020. “Disinfection Technology and Strategies for COVID-19 Hospital and Bio-Medical Waste Management.” The Science of the Total Environment 749: 141652. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141652.

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