The event experience, hedonic and eudaimonic satisfaction and subjective well-being among sport event participants

Figures & data

Figure 1. A conceptual model consisting of six concepts. Five control variables are used.

Table 1. Sample sizes and response rates for the survey of five participative sport events.

	Total number of participants	Sample	Responses	Response rates	Sport in Sample	Subsample	Sport in subsample
Half Marathon	45,149	5453	1923	35%	25%	54	28%
Road cycling	23,237	5378	2257	42%	30%	43	22%
River swim	7338	3662	1386	38%	18%	43	22%
Cross-country run	19,174	4598	1250	27%	17%	30	16%
Nordic ski	3227	1625	738	45%	10%	22	11%
Total	98,125	20,716	7554	36%	100%	192	100%

Figure 2. A structural equations model explaining hedonic satisfaction, eudaimonic satisfaction and subjective well-being. Five control variables are used.

Table 2. Maximum likelihood estimates generated by the structural equations model.

			Estimate	S.E.	C.R.	P	Std regr. coeff.
SatEU	←	FLOW	0.418	0.074	5.610	***	.502
SatH	←	Fun	0.317	0.044	7.136	***	.586
SatH	←	SQ	0.156	0.051	3.061	.002	.187
SatH	←	SatEU	0.439	0.057	7.702	***	.664
SWB	←	SatH	0.378	0.139	2.718	.007	.206
Generally, the physical facilities and employees are neat and clean	←	SERVQUAL	1.000				.798
Generally, the employees and volunteers make the effort to understand my needs	←	SERVQUAL	1.139	0.064	17.849	***	.830
Generally the employees and volunteers provided service reliably, consistently, and dependably	←	SERVQUAL	1.057	0.066	15.908	***	.933
Generally, the employees and volunteers listen to me and speak in a language that I can understand	←	SERVQUAL	1.132	0.071	15.903	***	.935
Generally, the employees and volunteers are courteous. polite and respectful	←	SERVQUAL	1.041	0.065	15.914	***	.931
Generally, the employees and volunteers were competent (i.e. knowledgeable and skilful)	←	SERVQUAL	1.134	0.077	14.809	***	.891
Generally, the employees and volunteers were willing and able to provide service at the event in a timely manner	←	SERVQUAL	1.108	0.072	15.398	***	.914
Generally, the employees and volunteers were trustworthy. believable and honest	←	SERVQUAL	0.958	0.074	12.959	***	.853
I want to share my experiences	←	FUN	1.000				.751
I had fun while participating in the event	←	FUN	1.007	0.094	10.699	***	.770
I had lots of fun during this event	←	FUN	1.019	0.070	14.505	***	.890
I really enjoyed this event	←	FUN	1.152	0.095	12.113	***	.882
I felt excited while participating in the event.	←	FUN	0.882	0.073	12.008	***	.875
Participating at this event makes me feel as if I am in another world	←	FLOW	1.000				.689
I became so involved when I participated in the event that I forgot everything else.	←	FLOW	1.178	0.124	9.520	***	.650
While participating. I forgot that time was passing.	←	FLOW	1.146	0.132	8.653	***	.691
Participating in the event releases me from reality and helps me truly enjoy myself.	←	FLOW	1.464	0.135	10.857	***	.910
Participating in this event felt like an escape	←	FLOW	1.338	0.127	10.497	***	.851
Happiness My standard of living is good	←	SWB	0.698	0.062	11.240	***	.721
Happiness my overall life satisfaction now	←	SWB	1.000				.914
Happiness My life has developed in a way that I like	←	SWB	1.219	0.090	13.471	***	.857
My decision to compete in this event was good 1	←	SatH	1.000				.689
I did the right thing deciding to participate in this event	←	SatH	0.944	0.042	22.520	***	.685
This event has given me the experiences I expected	←	SatH	1.218	0.123	9.875	***	.670
Overall value of this event for you	←	SatEU	1.007	0.101	9.984	***	.813
Satisfaction of needs relative to sacrifices	←	SatEU	1.000				.817

Appendix 1. Descriptive statistics with means, standard deviations, variances, skewness and kurtosis.

Item	N	Mean	Std. deviation	Variance	Skewness	Kurtosis
Generally, the employees and volunteers were trustworthy, believable, and honest	191	8.21	1.075	1.156	−1.454	1.727
Generally, the employees and volunteers were willing and able to provide service at the event in a timely manner	191	8.079	1.1604	1.346	−1.441	2.155
Generally, the employees and volunteers were competent (i.e. knowledgeable and skilful)	191	7.99	1.2182	1.484	−1.374	1.831
Generally, the employees and volunteers are courteous, polite, and respectful	192	8.292	1.0675	1.14	−2.145	6.79
Generally, the employees and volunteers listen to me and speak in a language that I can understand	188	8.144	1.168	1.364	−1.687	2.924
Generally, the employees and volunteers provided service reliably, consistently, and dependably	189	8.212	1.0904	1.189	−1.798	3.659
Generally, the employees and volunteers make the effort to understand my needs	189	7.958	1.3202	1.743	−1.421	1.713
Generally, the physical facilities and employees are neat and clean	190	8.116	1.2072	1.457	−1.72	3.035
I had fun while participating in the event	191	7.476	1.4862	2.209	−1.004	0.473
I felt excited while participating in the event	191	6.843	1.9267	3.712	−0.939	0.27
I had lots of fun during this event	190	6.863	1.9306	3.727	−0.914	0.392
I really enjoyed this event	191	7.429	1.6871	2.846	−1.282	1.597
I want to share my experiences	191	6.948	1.9621	3.85	−0.97	0.483
Participating in this event felt like an escape	191	6.69	2.109	4.446	−0.89	0.075
I became so involved when I participated in the event that I forgot everything else	191	6	2.3373	5.463	−0.647	−0.634
Participating at this event makes me feel as if I am in another world	189	5.265	2.2933	5.259	−0.243	−0.864
While participating. I forgot that time was passing.	189	4.508	2.4181	5.847	0.081	−1.141
Participating in the event releases me from reality and helps me truly enjoy myself	190	5.216	2.6389	6.964	−0.224	−1.159
my overall life satisfaction now	192	7.92	1.609	2.59	−1.219	2.297
My life has developed in a way that I like	192	7.469	2.0894	4.366	−1.109	0.995
My standard of living is good	192	8.661	1.4197	2.016	−1.513	3.164
My decision to compete in this event was good	192	8.24	1.221	1.492	−2.036	4.945
I did the right thing deciding to participate in this event	192	8.313	1.1605	1.347	−2.095	5.2
This event has given me the experiences I expected	191	7.654	1.5273	2.333	−0.968	0.096
Overall value of this event for you	191	7.47	1.493	2.229	−1.257	2.088
Satisfaction of needs and expectations delivered by the event (relative to sacrifices)	189	7.45	1.4782	2.185	−1.299	2.214

Covariance matrix, with means and standard deviations.

Covariances	SWB3	SWB1	SWB2	V2	V1	SAT3	SAT2	SAT1	I5	I4	I3	I2	I1	F5	F4	F3	F2	F1	S8	S7	S6	S5	S4	S3	S2	S1
Means	8.661	7.659	7.469	7.447	7.469	7.917	8.313	8.24	5.268	6.001	4.512	5.22	6.693	7.477	6.864	7.429	6.844	6.948	8.209	8.079	7.99	8.292	8.143	8.211	7.957	8.115
Std dev.	1.3118	1.8695	1.615	1.396	1.343	1.5614	1.137	1.208	1.801	2.4971	2.4352	2.1781	2.37	1.8905	1.6246	1.8743	1.8907	1.5533	1.2151	1.3272	1.1239	1.1908	1.0454	1.206	1.1607	1.086
SWB3	1.995
SWB1	0.228	2.084
SWB2	0.215	1.015	2.213
V2	0.213	1.005	1.452	2.158
V1	1.817	0.398	0.375	0.371	4.311
SAT3	1.489	0.326	0.307	0.304	2.598	2.555
SAT2	0.177	0.876	0.787	0.779	0.308	0.253	1.199
SAT1	0.187	0.885	0.835	0.826	0.327	0.268	1.146	1.326
I5	0.292	1.377	1.178	1.166	0.509	0.417	1.068	1.132	5.151
I4	0.319	1.508	1.29	1.277	0.557	0.456	1.169	1.24	4.086	5.407
I3	0.25	1.179	1.009	0.999	0.436	0.357	0.914	0.97	3.931	3.499	5.726
I2	0.257	1.213	1.038	1.028	0.448	0.367	0.941	0.998	3.288	3.698	2.815	6.855
I1	0.218	1.03	0.881	0.872	0.38	0.312	0.798	0.847	2.791	3.055	2.39	3.434	4.4
F5	0.224	1.059	0.504	0.499	0.391	0.321	0.821	0.871	1.595	1.747	1.366	1.406	1.193	2.186
F4	0.293	1.383	0.658	0.651	0.511	0.419	1.073	1.138	2.084	2.281	1.785	1.836	1.558	2.429	3.669
F3	0.259	1.225	0.582	0.577	0.452	0.371	0.95	1.007	1.845	2.02	1.58	1.626	1.38	1.932	2.524	2.817
F2	0.256	1.209	0.575	0.569	0.447	0.366	0.938	0.994	1.822	1.994	1.56	1.605	1.362	1.908	2.492	2.206	3.674
F1	0.254	1.202	0.572	0.566	0.444	0.364	0.932	0.988	1.811	1.982	1.55	1.595	1.354	1.896	2.476	2.444	2.165	3.81
S8	0.072	0.341	0.086	0.085	0.126	0.103	0.264	0.28	0.272	0.297	0.233	0.239	0.203	0.304	0.398	0.352	0.348	0.345	1.144
S7	0.083	0.394	0.099	0.098	0.146	0.119	0.306	0.324	0.314	0.344	0.269	0.277	0.235	0.352	0.46	0.407	0.402	0.399	0.962	1.332
S6	0.085	0.404	0.102	0.101	0.149	0.122	0.313	0.332	0.322	0.352	0.275	0.283	0.24	0.36	0.471	0.417	0.411	0.409	0.984	1.204	1.469
S5	0.078	0.371	0.093	0.092	0.137	0.112	0.287	0.305	0.295	0.323	0.253	0.26	0.221	0.331	0.432	0.383	0.378	0.375	0.904	1.046	1.07	1.134
S4	0.085	0.403	0.101	0.1	0.149	0.122	0.312	0.331	0.321	0.351	0.275	0.283	0.24	0.36	0.47	0.416	0.411	0.408	0.982	1.111	1.13	1.068	1.327
S3	0.08	0.376	0.095	0.094	0.139	0.114	0.292	0.309	0.3	0.328	0.257	0.264	0.224	0.336	0.439	0.388	0.384	0.381	0.918	1.061	1.086	0.998	1.151	1.164
S2	0.086	0.406	0.102	0.101	0.15	0.123	0.314	0.333	0.323	0.354	0.277	0.285	0.242	0.362	0.473	0.419	0.413	0.411	0.989	1.144	1.171	1.075	1.169	1.091	1.707
S1	0.075	0.356	0.09	0.089	0.132	0.108	0.276	0.293	0.284	0.311	0.243	0.25	0.212	0.318	0.415	0.368	0.363	0.361	0.803	1.004	1.028	0.944	1.026	0.958	1.261	1.422

Descriptive statistics and Cronbach’s alpha.

Item		Construct	Estimate	P	Std regr. Coeff.	variance extracted	Cronbach's alpha
Generally, the physical facilities and employees are neat and clean	←	SQ	0.961	***	0.798	0.637
Generally, the employees and volunteers make the effort to understand my needs	←	SQ	1.105	***	0.83	0.689
Generally, the employees and volunteers provided service reliably, consistently, and dependably	←	SQ	1.129	***	0.933	0.870
Generally, the employees and volunteers listen to me and speak in a language that I can understand	←	SQ	1.046	***	0.935	0.874
Generally, the employees and volunteers are courteous, polite, and respectful	←	SQ	1.122	***	0.931	0.867
Generally, the employees and volunteers were competent (i.e. knowledgeable and skilful)	←	SQ	1.058	***	0.891	0.793
Generally, the employees and volunteers were willing and able to provide service at the event in a timely manner	←	SQ	1.136	***	0.914	0.835
Generally, the employees and volunteers were trustworthy, believable, and honest	←	SQ	1		0.853	0.728	0.961
I want to share my experiences	←	FUN	0.854	***	0.751	0.564
I had fun while participating in the event	←	FUN	1.112	***	0.77	0.593
I had lots of fun during this event	←	FUN	1.037	***	0.89	0.792
I really enjoyed this event	←	FUN	1	***	0.882	0.778
I felt excited while participating in the event	←	FUN	1		0.875	0.766	0.904
Participating at this event makes me feel as if I am in another world	←	FLOW	1.363	***	0.689	0.475
I became so involved when I participated in the event that I forgot everything else	←	FLOW	1.528	***	0.65	0.423
While participating. I forgot that time was passing	←	FLOW	1.159	***	0.691	0.477
Participating in the event releases me from reality and helps me truly enjoy myself	←	FLOW	1.213	***	0.91	0.828
Participating in this event felt like an escape	←	FLOW	1		0.851	0.724	0.876
Happiness my standard of living is good	←	SWB	1.214	***	0.721	0.520
Happiness my overall life satisfaction now	←	SWB	1		0.914	0.835
Happiness my life has developed in a way that I like	←	SWB	0.698	***	0.857	0.734	0.854
My decision to compete in this event was good 1	←	SatH	1		0.689	0.475
I did the right thing deciding to participate in this event	←	SatH	0.955	***	0.685	0.469
This event has given me the experiences I expected	←	SatH	1.217	***	0.67	0.448	0.861
Overall value of this event for you	←	SatEU	1.195	***	0.813	0.660
Satisfaction of needs relative to sacrifices	←	SatEU	1		0.817	0.667	0.850

Convergent and discriminant validity.

	SQ	Fun	FLOW	SatH	SWB	SatEU
SQ	0.787	0.075	0.020	0.148	0.043	0.073
Fun		0.699	0.373	0.824	0.036	0.643
FLOW			0.585	0.229	0.005	0.266
SatH				0.464	0.212	0.942
SWB					0.697	0.214
SatEU						0.664

Note: The diagonal presents the AVE for each construct and the off diagonal shows the square of the correlation between constructs.

Regression coefficients and significance levels for control variables.

			Estimate	S.E.	C.R.	P
SatEU	←	Sex	0.046	0.191	0.242	.809
SatEU	←	Age	0.015	0.008	1.928	.054
SatEU	←	serioussport	−0.351	0.39	−0.898	.369
SatEU	←	Total_past_events	0.001	0.002	0.751	.453
SatEU	←	INTERNATIONAL	−0.097	0.27	−0.358	.721
SatH	←	Sex	0.096	0.102	0.939	.348
SatH	←	Age	0	0.004	0.073	.942
SatH	←	serioussport	0.062	0.211	0.292	.771
SatH	←	Total_past_events	0	0.001	0.119	.905
SatH	←	INTERNATIONAL	−0.208	0.144	−1.451	.147
SWB	←	Sex	−0.475	0.237	−2	.045
SWB	←	Age	−0.015	0.01	−1.519	.129
SWB	←	serioussport	0.404	0.489	0.827	.408
SWB	←	Total_past_events	0	0.002	0.005	.996
SWB	←	INTERNATIONAL	0.287	0.33	0.869	.385