Three invasive insects alter Cycas micronesica leaf chemistry and predict changes in biogeochemical cycling

Figures & data

Figure 1. The influence of Aulacaspis yasumatsui, Chilades pandava, and Erechthias sp. leaf herbivory on Cycas micronesica leaf litter chemistry. Means ± SE, n = 10. (A) Total phenols (GAE = gallic acid equivalent). (B) Lignin.

Table 1. The influence of Aulacaspis yasumatsui, Chilades pandava, or Erechthias sp herbivory of Cycas micronesica leaflets on leaf litter macro and micronutrients. Means ± SE, n = 10.

Trait	Control	Aulacaspis damage	Chilades damage	Erechthias damage	P
Carbon (mg g^−1)	484 ± 14	476 ± 12	475 ± 18	486 ± 18	0.943
Nitrogen (mg g^−1)	15.8 ± 1.1a	18.0 ± 1.5b	22.3 ± 0.9c	18.6 ± 0.6b	0.002
Phosphorus (mg g^−1)	1.26 ± 0.34	1.59 ± 0.11	2.04 ± 0.06	1.54 ± 0.15	0.062
Potassium (mg g^−1)	2.2 ± 0.31a	14.2 ± 0.1d	11.1 ± 0.5c	3.0 ± 0.3b	<0.001
Magnesium (mg g^−1)	5.70 ± 0.48a	4.69 ± 0.04b	5.82 ± 0.10a	3.38 ± 0.10c	<0.001
Calcium (mg g^−1)	32.3 ± 203a	11.9 ± 0.1d	15.3 ± 0.4c	16.7 ± 0.4b	<0.001
Sulfur (mg g^−1)	1.38 ± 0.02a	1.29 ± 0.05b	1.35 ± 0.02ab	1.20 ± 0.03c	<0.001
Iron (mg kg^−1)	272 ± 77a	64.0 ± 8.9b	77.6 ± 14.0b	64.9 ± 10.9b	0.001
Manganese (mg kg^−1)	36.1 ± 5.2a	25.6 ± 0.4b	23.0 ± 1.7b	37.3 ± 1.0a	<0.001
Boron (mg kg^−1)	43.5 ± 8.3a	39.9 ± 0.7a	51.6 ± 3.5a	29.5 ± 1.4b	0.015
Copper (mg kg^−1)	4.40 ± 0.76	2.40 ± 0.37	3.00 ± 0.47	3.90 ± 0.61	0.079
Zinc (mg kg^−1)	17.6 ± 3.0	11.0 ± 1.1	23.8 ± 5.5	18.5 ± 4.0	0.138

Means with same letter within a row are not significantly different by Least Significant Difference.

Table 2. The influence of Aulacaspis yasumatsui, Chilades pandava, or Erechthias sp. herbivory of Cycas micronesica leaflets on derived stoichiometric traits of leaf litter. Means ± SE, n=10.

Trait	Control	Aulacaspis damage	Chilades damage	Erechthias damage	P
Carbon:Nitrogen	32 ± 2a	28 ± 3ab	22 ± 1c	26 ± 1b	0.008
Carbon:Phosphorus	506 ± 59a	313 ± 24b	235 ± 12c	342 ± 34b	<0.001
Carbon:Potassium	277 ± 49a	33 ± 1d	44 ± 3c	180 ± 24b	<0.001
Lignin:Nitrogen	18 ± 2a	14 ± 1b	10 ± 1c	17 ± 1a	<0.001
Lignin:Phosphorus	279 ± 32a	154 ± 12c	104 ± 5d	217 ± 20b	<0.001
Lignin:Potassium	147 ± 23a	16 ± 1c	19 ± 1c	111 ± 10b	<0.001
Phenolics:Nitrogen	30 ± 4a	35 ± 4ab	39 ± 2b	44 ± 1c	0.024
Phenolics:Phosphorus	563 ± 143	423 ± 82	426 ± 72	573 ± 49	0.440
Phenolics:Potassium	290 ± 65a	44 ± 7c	79 ± 3b	292 ± 28a	< 0.001

Means with same letter within a row are not significantly different by Least Significant Difference.