Figures & data
Figure 1. Model for plasma membrane repair in mammalian cells that discriminates between initial resealing and subsequent regeneration. Injury to the membrane and influx of Ca2+ ions into the cytoplasm activate annexin proteins that are recruited to the damaged membrane within 10-45 s. Here, ANXA4 and ANXA6 induce out-of-plane curvature and in-plane constriction, respectively, which in collaboration with other annexin family members enriches lateral membrane and promotes wound closure. Upon initial resealing, cells start to regenerate their membrane by shedding damaged membrane and/or by internalization (not shown). Excision of larger membrane areas requires F-actin buildup, which is regulated by ANXA2 protein at the injured membrane. Smaller membrane pieces are shedded in the form of ectosomes – a process that is facilitated by the ESCRT III complex. ANXA7 is needed to position and attach the ESCRT III components ALG-2 and ALG-2-interacting protein X (ALIX) at the injured membrane during this phase.
