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Research Paper

Macrophages and vimentin in tissues adjacent to megaprostheses and mesh in reconstructive surgeries

ORCID Icon, , , &
Pages 168-181 | Received 08 May 2022, Accepted 08 Jul 2022, Published online: 05 Aug 2022

Figures & data

Figure 1. Revision by KMLS (Kyocera Modular Limb Salvage System). (a) X-ray. (b) Intraoperative picture. (c) Soft tissue adjacent to metal surface.

Figure 1. Revision by KMLS (Kyocera Modular Limb Salvage System). (a) X-ray. (b) Intraoperative picture. (c) Soft tissue adjacent to metal surface.

Figure 2. Revision by HMRS (Howmedica Modular Resection System). (a) Apical view of X-ray showing stem fracture. (b) lateral view of X-ray showing stem fracture. (c) Intraoperative picture. (d) Appearance following peeling away of thin, soft tissue. (e) Appearance following detachment of connective tissues.

Figure 2. Revision by HMRS (Howmedica Modular Resection System). (a) Apical view of X-ray showing stem fracture. (b) lateral view of X-ray showing stem fracture. (c) Intraoperative picture. (d) Appearance following peeling away of thin, soft tissue. (e) Appearance following detachment of connective tissues.

Figure 3. Wide resection of re-recurrent chest wall MPNST (malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors). (a) Computed tomography of recurrent chest wall MPNST, T indicates tumor; M indicates mesh. (b) Intraoperative picture. (c) Micrograph of hematoxylin–eosin (HE)-stained section; ×40 image. (d) Micrograph of Masson’s trichrome-stained section. Red color indicates muscle tissues. (e) Micrograph of HE-stained section; ×100 image. The brown line indicates ePTFE; the aligned white defects under the ePTFE are the polypropylene mesh. (f) Micrograph of Masson’s trichrome-stained section.

Figure 3. Wide resection of re-recurrent chest wall MPNST (malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors). (a) Computed tomography of recurrent chest wall MPNST, T indicates tumor; M indicates mesh. (b) Intraoperative picture. (c) Micrograph of hematoxylin–eosin (HE)-stained section; ×40 image. (d) Micrograph of Masson’s trichrome-stained section. Red color indicates muscle tissues. (e) Micrograph of HE-stained section; ×100 image. The brown line indicates ePTFE; the aligned white defects under the ePTFE are the polypropylene mesh. (f) Micrograph of Masson’s trichrome-stained section.

Figure 4. Histology of revision by KMLS. (a) Micrograph of hematoxylin–eosin (HE)-stained section; ×40 image. (b) Micrograph of Masson’s trichrome-stained section. Red color indicates muscle tissues. (c) Micrograph of hematoxylin–eosin (HE)-stained section; ×100 image. (d) Micrograph of Masson’s trichrome-stained section; ×100 image. (e) Micrograph of section with immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CD68; ×100 image. (f) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for vimentin; ×100 image. (g) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for collagen type I; ×100 image. (h) Micrograph of HE-stained section; ×400 image. (i) Micrograph of Masson’s trichrome-stained section; ×400 image. (j) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for CD68; ×400 image. (k) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for vimentin; ×400 image.

Figure 4. Histology of revision by KMLS. (a) Micrograph of hematoxylin–eosin (HE)-stained section; ×40 image. (b) Micrograph of Masson’s trichrome-stained section. Red color indicates muscle tissues. (c) Micrograph of hematoxylin–eosin (HE)-stained section; ×100 image. (d) Micrograph of Masson’s trichrome-stained section; ×100 image. (e) Micrograph of section with immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CD68; ×100 image. (f) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for vimentin; ×100 image. (g) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for collagen type I; ×100 image. (h) Micrograph of HE-stained section; ×400 image. (i) Micrograph of Masson’s trichrome-stained section; ×400 image. (j) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for CD68; ×400 image. (k) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for vimentin; ×400 image.

Figure 5. Histology of revision by HMRS. (a) Micrograph of hematoxylin–eosin (HE)-stained section; ×40 image. Arrow indicates metal process of HMRS, (b) Micrograph of Masson’s trichrome-stained section. (c) Micrograph of section with immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CD68; ×100 image. (d) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for vimentin; ×100 image. (e) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for collagen type I; ×100 image. (f) Micrograph of HE-stained section; ×200 image. (g) Micrograph of Masson’s trichrome-stained section; ×200 image. (h) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for CD68; ×200 image. (i) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for vimentin; ×200 image. (j) Micrograph of HE-stained section; ×200 image. (k) Micrograph of Masson’s trichrome-stained section; ×200 image. (l) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for CD68; ×200 image. (m) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for vimentin; ×200 image.

Figure 5. Histology of revision by HMRS. (a) Micrograph of hematoxylin–eosin (HE)-stained section; ×40 image. Arrow indicates metal process of HMRS, (b) Micrograph of Masson’s trichrome-stained section. (c) Micrograph of section with immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CD68; ×100 image. (d) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for vimentin; ×100 image. (e) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for collagen type I; ×100 image. (f) Micrograph of HE-stained section; ×200 image. (g) Micrograph of Masson’s trichrome-stained section; ×200 image. (h) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for CD68; ×200 image. (i) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for vimentin; ×200 image. (j) Micrograph of HE-stained section; ×200 image. (k) Micrograph of Masson’s trichrome-stained section; ×200 image. (l) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for CD68; ×200 image. (m) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for vimentin; ×200 image.

Figure 6. Histology of wide resection with mesh. (a) Micrograph of hematoxylin–eosin (HE) -stained section around ePTFE (expanded polytetrafluorethylene); ×200 image. (b) Micrograph of section with immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CD68 around ePTFE; ×200 image. (c) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for vimentin around ePTFE; ×200 image. (d) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for collagen type I around ePTFE; ×200 image.

Figure 6. Histology of wide resection with mesh. (a) Micrograph of hematoxylin–eosin (HE) -stained section around ePTFE (expanded polytetrafluorethylene); ×200 image. (b) Micrograph of section with immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CD68 around ePTFE; ×200 image. (c) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for vimentin around ePTFE; ×200 image. (d) Micrograph of section with IHC staining for collagen type I around ePTFE; ×200 image.

Figure 7. Immunohistochemical staining for S100A4. (a) Micrograph of tissue from revision by KMLS. The square indicates the counted HPF. The numbers of S100A4-positive cells are shown. (b) Micrograph of tissue from revision by HMRS. The numbers of S100A4-positive cells are shown. (c) Micrograph of tissue from wide resection with mesh. The numbers of S100A4-positive cells are shown.

Figure 7. Immunohistochemical staining for S100A4. (a) Micrograph of tissue from revision by KMLS. The square indicates the counted HPF. The numbers of S100A4-positive cells are shown. (b) Micrograph of tissue from revision by HMRS. The numbers of S100A4-positive cells are shown. (c) Micrograph of tissue from wide resection with mesh. The numbers of S100A4-positive cells are shown.

Figure 8. Assessment of S100A4-positive cell accumulation. Averages at the surface of KMLS, surface of HMRS, surface of ePTFE, surface of polypropylene, and their deep areas are shown.

Figure 8. Assessment of S100A4-positive cell accumulation. Averages at the surface of KMLS, surface of HMRS, surface of ePTFE, surface of polypropylene, and their deep areas are shown.