Effects of shoes on children’s fundamental motor skills performance

Figures & data

Figure 1. The shoes worn by children in the present study.

Table 1. Parameters for walking and sprinting as well as their description.

Item	Unit	Definition
Spatiotemporal
Cadence	Step/min	Frequency of step per minute
Single support	%	Percentage of gait cycle that one foot is on the ground
Double support	%	Percentage of gait cycle that both feet are on the ground
Velocity	m/s	Speed of initial contact of one foot to the next initial contact of the same foot
Stride length	cm	The distance of initial contact of one foot to the next initial contact of the same foot
Step width	cm	The average distance between the centre lines of the two feet
Stride time	ms	Time of initial contact of one foot to the next initial contact of the same foot
Contact time	ms	Time for whole rolling movement of the foot
Kinetics
FZ1	N	First vertical GRF peak
FZ2	N	Second vertical GRF peak
FX1	N	First medio-lateral GRF peak
FX2	N	Second medio-lateral GRF peak
Braking impulse	N ms	The area under the force-time curve from the foot contact the force plate until the midstance phase
Propulsive impulse	N ms	The area under the force-time curve from the midstance phase until foot was lifted from the force plate

Figure 2. Mean ± SD of centre of pressure (CoP) in (A) double-leg stance and (B) single-leg stance during barefoot and shod conditions.

Figure 3. Mean ± SD of (A) length of horizontal jump and (B) flight time of counter-movement jump in barefoot and shod conditions.

Table 2. Performed fundamental motor skills by individual participants.

Subjects	Age (years)	Double-leg stance	Single-leg stance	Horizontal jump	Counter-movement jump	Walking	Sprinting
1	5.3	*	–	*	*	*	*
2	4.9	*	*	*	*	*	*
3	6.3	*	*	*	*	*	*
4	7.1	*	*	*	*	*	*
5	4.2	*	–	*	*	*	*
6	6.8	*	*	*	*	*	*
7	4.9	*	*	*	*	*	*
8	6.5	*	*	*	*	*	*
9	5.7	*	–	*	*	*	*
10	4.1	*	–	*	*	*	*
11	4.2	*	–	*	*	*	*
12	5.3	*	*	*	*	*	*
13	7.3	*	*	*	*	*	*
14	5.5	*	–	*	*	*	*

‘*’ symbol signifies performed; ‘—’ symbol signifies not able to perform.

Table 3. Kinetics variables during the horizontal jump, counter-movement jump, walking and sprinting.

	Barefoot	Shoes	p-Value
Horizontal jump
VGRF	404.8 ± 102.8	402.4 ± 89.8	0.699
Vertical takeoff impulse	1398.8 ± 627.7	1582.5 ± 784.9	0.313
Counter-movement jump
VGRF	429.2 ± 97.2	438.4 ± 80.3	0.459
Vertical takeoff impulse	71704.6 ± 16954.9	72133.5 ± 16737.3	0.528
Vertical landing impulse	70548.9 ± 15227.3	70661.6 ± 14157.7	0.921
Walking
FZ1 (N)	256.8 ± 51.5	272.9 ± 42.6	0.118
FZ2 (N)	216.1 (197.1–271.8)^†	231.1 (214.1–293.2)^†	0.003*
FX1 (N)	48.9 (12.1–135.4)^†	55.1 (30.9–123.2)^†	0.124
FX2 (N)	48.8 (19.4–118.0)^†	47.3 (11.4–138.3)^†	0.944
Braking impulse (N ms)	42372.3 ± 10291.9	47845.3 ± 14029.7	0.008
Propulsive impulse (N ms)	39900.4 ± 10580.0	44301.6 ± 10503.4	0.002*
Sprinting
FZ1 (N)	741.1 ± 323.2	650.6 ± 99.6	0.227
FZ2 (N)	458.1 ± 101.0	477.1 ± 81.4	0.116
FX1 (N)	224.1 (−1.3 to 703.6)^†	194.2 (112.5–377.6)^†	0.331
FX2 (N)	104.0 (40.0–244.2)^†	85.3 (10.0–269.8)^†	0.060
Braking impulse (N ms)	26153.3 ± 7652.0	29906.3 ± 6884.1	0.084
Propulsive impulse (N ms)	22836.0 ± 5521.9	25386.7 ± 4912.9	0.005*

VGRF: vertical ground reaction force; FZ1: first vertical GRF; FZ2: second vertical GRF; FX1: first anterior-posterior GRF; FX2: second anterior-posterior GRF. ^†Median and 95% confidence interval reported. *Statistically significant difference between barefoot and shod condition (p < 0.007).

Table 4. Spatiotemporal variables during walking and sprinting.

	Barefoot	Shoes	p-Value
Walking
Cadence (step/min)	149.8 ± 11.5	137.6 ± 14.3	0.002*
Single support (%)	43.5 ± 1.9	43.7 ± 3.2	0.724
Double support (%)	13.1 ± 3.8	11.9 ± 5.7	0.349
Velocity (m/s)	1.2 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.2	0.089
Stride length (cm)	108.3 ± 13.6	93.3 ± 10.9	<0.001*
Step width (cm)	14.3 ± 0.9	15.0 ± 1.6	0.071
Stride time (ms)	883.6 ± 87.5	813.3 ± 68.7	0.002*
Contact time (ms)	469.2 ± 36.4	525.4 ± 58.8	<0.001*
Sprinting
Cadence (1/min)	253.2 ± 22.5	225.6 ± 12.3	<0.001*
Single support (%)	27.6 ± 2.9	26.8 ± 2.9	0.375
Velocity (ms)	4.0 ± 0.4	3.8 ± 0.3	0.033
Stride length (cm)	190.4 ± 25.0	204.5 ± 16.6	0.001*
Step width (cm)	14.8 ± 1.3	16.1 ± 1.8	0.004*
Stride time (ms)	481.9 ± 46.2	539.5 ± 29.6	<0.001*
Contact time (ms)	149.1 ± 10.8	168.6 ± 10.7	<0.001*

*Statistically significant difference between barefoot and shod condition (p < 0.007).