Teeth Reconstruction Using Artificial Intelligence: Trends, Perspectives, and Prospects

Figures & data

Figure 1. Illustration of a regression AI model.

Figure 2. Illustration of a classification AI model.

Figure 3. (a) Illustration of a decision tree model. (b) Illustration of a support vector machine model. (c) Illustration of a logistic regression model. (d) Illustration of a random forest model.

Figure 4. Illustration of a neural networks AI model.

Figure 5. Illustration of partition-based clustering.

Figure 6. Illustration of Hierarchical Clustering.

Figure 7. Illustration of density-based clustering.

Figure 8. Illustration of dimension reduction.

Figure 9. Illustration of density estimation.

Figure 10. Illustration of reinforcement learning AI model.

Figure 11. Illustration of AI vs machine learning vs deep learning.

Figure 12. Illustration of an ANN AI model.

Figure 13. Illustration of a CNN AI model, reprint under a CC BY-SA 4.0 License.^86,87

Figure 14. Illustration of an RNN AI model.

Table 1. A brief overview of trend and development of tooth reconstruction AI.

Study	Model	Algorithm	LearnED data	Learning Method	Manual GUIDEs
Alhouri et al.^Citation99	Statistical Model	Mathematical Equations	\	\	Yes
Blanz et al.^Citation100	Statistical Model	Mathematical Equations	\	\	Yes
Mehl et al.^Citation101	Biogeneric Tooth	Mathematical Equations	\	\	Yes
Mehl et al.^Citation102	Biogeneric Tooth	Mathematical Equations	\	\	Yes
Richter et al.^Citation103	Biogeneric Tooth	Mathematical Equations	\	\	Yes
Buchaillard et al. ^Citation104	Statistical Model	Mathematical Equations	\	\	Yes
Steinbrecher et al.^Citation105	Statistical Model	Mathematical Equations	\	\	Yes
Ender et al.^Citation106	Biogeneric Tooth	Mathematical Equations	\	\	Yes
Zheng et al.^Citation107	Biogeneric Tooth	Mathematical Equations	\	\	Yes
Kollmuss et al.^Citation108	Biogeneric Tooth	Mathematical Equations	\	\	Yes
Kwon et al.^Citation109	Biogeneric Tooth	Mathematical Equations	\	\	Yes
Jiang et al.^Citation110	Biogeneric Tooth	Mathematical Equations	\	\	Yes
Hwang et al.^Citation111	Deep Learning	GAN	Technician Crown Designs	Supervised Learning	Yes
Choi et al.^Citation112	Statistical Model	Mathematical Equations	\	\	Yes
Yuan et al.^Citation93	Deep Learning	GAN	Technician Crown Designs and Extracted Occlusal Features	Supervised Learning	No
Wang et al.^Citation113	Biogeneric Tooth	Mathematical Equations	\	\	Yes
Tian et al.^Citation114	Deep Learning	GAN	Extracted Occlusal Features	Supervised Learning	No
Chau et al.^Citation77,Citation78	Deep Learning	GAN	Full Digital Casts	Unsupervised Learning	No

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