Modeling the effect of Mobility-as-a-Service on mode choice decisions

Figures & data

Figure 1. The four MaaS bundles (Feneri, Rasouli, and Timmermans 2019).

Table 1. Results of Error Components Logit Model

	Coeff.	Std.Er	p-val.
Error components
MaaS.PT–MaaS.CS	1.287***	0.073	0.000
MaaS.PT–MaaS.BS	0.981***	0.073	0.000
MaaS.PT–MaaS.Taxi	0.456***	0.141	0.001
MaaS.CS-MaaS.BS	1.916***	0.097	0.000
MaaS.CS-MaaS.Taxi	1.132***	0.145	0.000
MaaS.BS-MaaS.Taxi	0.984***	0.131	0.000
Parameters in utility functions
Utility for SQ (No MaaS)
ASC_SQ (No MaaS)	5.446***	0.537	0.000
Individual characteristics
Age 18-35	-0.975*	0.547	0.074
Age 35-55	-0.608	0.528	0.249
Age 55-65	0.730	0.748	0.329
Older than 65	0.854
Female	0.117	0.281	0.678
Education Middle	0.585	0.549	0.287
Education High	0.538	0.565	0.341
Education Basic	-1.123
Not empl/Unempl/search	-0.867*	0.499	0.083
Student	0.578	0.763	0.449
Employed (Full/part time)	0.894	0.589	0.129
Retired	-0.604	1.341	0.652
Working from home (Yes)	-0.002
Income 0-1250€/mo	0.067	0.458	0.884
Income 1250-2500€/mo	-0.265	0.374	0.479
Income >2500€/mo	-0.703	0.492	0.153
“I don’t want to say”	0.901
Flexible Working hours(Yes)	-0.091	0.270	0.736
Trip related & Decision context
High Interest in MaaS (Yes)	-0.166	0.255	0.516
Work-related purpose (Yes)	-0.162	0.284	0.570
Weekday (Yes)	0.196	0.259	0.449
Time pressure (Yes)	0.030	0.287	0.917
Travel Time	-0.047***	0.005	0.000
Travel Cost	-1.525***	0.042	0.000
Waiting time 0 min	0.003	0.347	0.993
Waiting Time 5min	0.181	0.316	0.567
Waiting Time 10min	-0.294	0.351	0.403
Waiting Time >10min	0.109
Parking Time 0-5 min	0.038	0.088	0.662
Parking Time 5-10 min	-0.003	0.099	0.974
Parking Time 10-15 min	-0.134	0.100	0.182
Parking Time >15 min	0.099
Parking Cost 0€	0.299***	0.094	0.001
Parking Cost 1.10€/hour	0.037	0.094	0.694
Parking Cost 2.20€/hour	-0.171*	0.092	0.062
Parking Cost 3.30€/hour	-0.164
Access Time 0-3 min	-0.130	0.093	0.161
Access Time 3-6 min	0.128	0.099	0.195
Access Time 6-9 min	-0.052	0.096	0.591
Access Time 9-12 min	0.054
Egress Time 0-3 min	-0.052	0.090	0.565
Egress Time 3-6 min	-0.009	0.095	0.924
Egress Time 6-9 min	0.029	0.090	0.750
Egress Time 9-12 min	0.032
SQ_DA	-1.315***	0.149	0.000
SQ_Passeng	-1.383***	0.227	0.000
SQ_Walk	-0.004	0.174	0.982
SQ_Bike	0.526***	0.172	0.002
SQ_Ebike	2.177
Interactions
Female x Travel Time	-0.001	0.003	0.872
Female x SQ_Walk	0.159	0.099	0.110
x SQ_Bike	0.279***	0.093	0.003
x SQ_DA	0.169**	0.075	0.024
x SQ_Passeng	0.324***	0.125	0.009
Interest x SQ_Walk	-0.345***	0.124	0.005
x SQ_Bike	-0.529***	0.117	0.000
x SQ_DA	-0.640***	0.087	0.000
x SQ_Passeng	-0.382**	0.162	0.018
Work Purp. x SQ_Walk	-0.642***	0.133	0.000
x SQ_Bike	0.001	0.102	0.989
x SQ_DA	0.135	0.083	0.107
x SQ_Passeng	-0.269**	0.124	0.031
Travel Time x SQ_Walk	0.013**	0.006	0.039
x SQ_Bike	-0.002	0.006	0.700
x SQ_DA	0.045***	0.005	0.000
x SQ_Passeng	0.031***	0.007	0.000
Travel Cost x SQ_DA	1.489***	0.042	0.000
x SQ_Passeng	1.517***	0.043	0.000
Utility for MaaS-PT
ASC_MaaS PT	3.719***	0.550	0.000
Individual characteristics
Age 18-35	-0.221	0.580	0.703
Age 35-55	-0.344	0.555	0.535
Age 55-65	0.511	0.751	0.496
Older than 65	0.054
Female	0.024	0.288	0.934
Education Middle	0.474	0.566	0.402
Education High	0.225	0.578	0.697
Education Basic	-0.700
NotEmpl./Unempl/search	-0.874*	0.520	0.092
Student	0.501	0.803	0.533
Employed (Full/part time)	0.616	0.589	0.295
Retired	0.094	1.341	0.944
Working from home (Yes)	-0.337
Income 0-1250€/mo	0.141	0.489	0.773
Income 1250-2500€/mo	-0.094	0.385	0.808
Income >2500€/mo	-0.835	0.513	0.104
“I don't want to say”	0.788
Flexible Working hours (Yes)	-0.003	0.280	0.993
Trip related & Decision context
High Interest in MaaS (Yes)	-0.371	0.267	0.166
Work-related purpose (Yes)	-0.091	0.276	0.742
Weekday (Yes)	0.269	0.258	0.297
Time pressure (Yes)	0.048	0.287	0.868
Travel Time	-0.004	0.004	0.227
Travel Cost	-0.013	0.011	0.255
Waiting time 0 min	-0.034	0.061	0.576
Waiting Time 5min	0.028	0.059	0.631
Waiting Time 10min	0.001	0.059	0.983
Waiting Time >10min	0.004
No Transfers	0.162***	0.032	0.000
Access Time 0-3 min	-0.036	0.059	0.545
Access Time 3-6 min	0.036	0.062	0.561
Access Time 6-9 min	0.016	0.059	0.785
Access Time 9-12 min	-0.016
Egress Time 0-3 min	0.053	0.061	0.388
Egress Time 3-6 min	-0.010	0.059	0.868
Egress Time 6-9 min	-0.085	0.061	0.166
Egress Time 9-12 min	0.042
MaaS Bundle A	-0.224*	0.121	0.066
MaaS Bundle B	-0.102	0.121	0.400
MaaS Bundle C	0.261**	0.117	0.025
MaaS Bundle D	0.064
Interactions
Female X MaaS A	0.049	0.119	0.678
X MaaS B	-0.072	0.121	0.551
X MaaS C	-0.008	0.117	0.945
X Travel Time	0.006*	0.003	0.095
Utility for MaaS-CS
ASC_MaaS CS	1.621**	0.652	0.013
Individual characteristics
Age 18-35	-0.021	0.664	0.975
Age 35-55	-0.365	0.640	0.568
Age 55-65	0.617	0.803	0.443
Older than 65	-0.231
Female	0.038	0.298	0.899
Education Middle	0.901	0.584	0.123
Education High	0.680	0.601	0.258
Education Basic	-1.581
Not empl/Unempl/search	-0.514	0.592	0.385
Student	0.303	0.843	0.720
Employed (Full/part time)	0.535	0.646	0.408
Retired	0.175	1.483	0.906
Working from home (Yes)	-0.499
Income 0-1250€/mo	0.225	0.520	0.666
Income 1250-2500€/mo	-0.008	0.407	0.985
Income >2500€/mo	-0.818	0.568	0.150
“ I don’t want to say”	0.601
Flexible Working Hours	0.099	0.291	0.734
Trip related & Decision context
High Interest in MaaS (Yes)	-0.054	0.296	0.855
Work-related purpose (Yes)	-0.188	0.279	0.500
Weekday (Yes)	0.208	0.264	0.432
Time pressure (Yes)	0.183	0.289	0.528
Travel Time	-0.004	0.005	0.391
Travel Cost	-0.024**	0.011	0.029
Waiting time 0 min	0.053	0.084	0.528
Waiting Time 5min	-0.100	0.082	0.224
Waiting Time 10min	0.152*	0.083	0.068
Waiting Time >10min	-0.105
Parking Time 0-5 min	0.121	0.081	0.134
Parking Time 5-10 min	0.006	0.079	0.938
Parking Time 10-15 min	-0.062	0.084	0.458
Parking Time >15 min	-0.065
Access Time 0-3 min	-0.037	0.082	0.651
Access Time 3-6 min	-0.017	0.088	0.848
Access Time 6-9 min	0.066	0.086	0.444
Access Time 9-12 min	-0.012
Egress Time 0-3 min	0.010	0.082	0.899
Egress Time 3-6 min	0.000	0.083	0.996
Egress Time 6-9 min	-0.003	0.087	0.975
Egress Time 9-12 min	-0.007
MaaS Bundle A	-0.231	0.174	0.185
MaaS Bundle B	0.129	0.175	0.459
MaaS Bundle C	0.357**	0.173	0.039
MaaS Bundle D	-0.255
Interactions
Female X MaaS A	0.263	0.168	0.117
X MaaS B	-0.041	0.164	0.800
X MaaS C	-0.274	0.179	0.125
X Travel Time	0.005	0.004	0.163
Utility for MaaS-BS
ASC_MaaS BS	2.978***	0.582	0.000
Individual characteristics
Age 18-35	-0.193	0.623	0.757
Age 35-55	-0.151	0.611	0.805
Age 55-65	1.154	0.784	0.141
Older than 65	-0.810
Female	0.076	0.293	0.795
Education Middle	0.773	0.604	0.200
Education High	0.696	0.628	0.268
Education Basic	-1.469
Not empl/Unempl/search	-0.729	0.560	0.193
Student	0.505	0.817	0.536
Employed (Full/part time)	0.210	0.621	0.736
Retired	0.298	1.370	0.828
Working from home (Yes)	-0.284
Income 0-1250€/mo	0.036	0.521	0.946
Income 1250-2500€/mo	-0.282	0.398	0.479
Income >2500€/mo	-0.668	0.551	0.225
“I don’t want to say”	0.915
Flexible Working Hours	0.019	0.292	0.949
Trip related & Decision context
High Interest in MaaS (Yes)	-0.227	0.291	0.436
Work-related purpose (Yes)	-0.133	0.283	0.639
Weekday (Yes)	0.220	0.264	0.405
Time pressure (Yes)	-0.027	0.287	0.925
Travel Time	-0.034***	0.002	0.000
Travel Cost	-0.300**	0.129	0.020
Access Time 0-3 min	0.108	0.083	0.195
Access Time 3-6 min	0.103	0.084	0.222
Access Time 6-9 min	-0.065	0.082	0.429
Access Time 9-12 min	-0.146
MaaS Bundle A	-0.423*	0.250	0.091
MaaS Bundle B	0.358**	0.165	0.030
MaaS Bundle C	0.665***	0.166	0.000
MaaS Bundle D	-0.599
Interactions
Female X MaaS A	0.040	0.164	0.806
X MaaS B	0.286*	0.156	0.066
X MaaS C	-0.301**	0.148	0.043
X Travel Time	-0.005**	0.002	0.024
Utility for MaaS-Taxi
Trip related & Decision context
Travel Time	-0.023	0.020	0.248
Travel Cost	-0.005	0.008	0.534
MaaS Bundle A	-0.147	0.411	0.721
MaaS Bundle B	0.155	0.459	0.735
MaaS Bundle C	0.227	0.509	0.656
MaaS Bundle D	-0.235
Log Likelihood (estimated) Log Likelihood (base) McFadden Adjusted Rho-sq AIC AIC/N BIC	-7320.143 -10391.366 0.434 14998.285 1.856 15339.712

***, **, * Significance at 1%, 5%, 10% level.

Table 2. Marginal Effects

	Coeff.	Std.Er	p-val.
Marginal Effect Travel Cost
MaaS-PT	−0.006***	0.9760D-04	0.000
MaaS-CS	−0.016***	0.00021	0.000
MaaS-BS	−0.006***	0.00018	0.000
MaaS-TAXI	−0.003***	0.4923D-04	0.000
Marginal Effect Travel Time
MaaS-PT	−0.018***	0.00015	0.000
MaaS-CS	−0.008***	0.8710D-04	0.000
MaaS-BS	−0.077***	0.00067	0.000
MaaS-TAXI	−0.007***	0.8631D-04	0.000

*** Significance at 1% level.

Feneri, A.-M., S. Rasouli, and H. J. P. Timmermans. 2019. “Mobility-as-a-Service in the Smart City Era: The Design of a Stated Adaptation Experiment to Assess the Effects of MaaS on Day-to-day Travel Mode Choice Behavior.” Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on Transportation Research ICTR, Athens, Greece, 24-25 October.

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