Does undirected travel compensate for reduced directed travel during lockdown?

Figures & data

Table 1. Travel behavior before and during lockdown by mode and trip purpose²

Before Lockdown								During Lockdown
	Commute		Non-Work		UT				Change in Frequency for All Directed Trips						UT
									Decreased		Increased		No Change
Mode	N	%Sample	N	%Sample	Mode	N	%Sample	Mode	N	%Sample	N	%Sample	N	%Sample	Mode	N	%Sample
Cycle	252	33.0	322	42.1	Any Mode	396	51.8	Cycle	218	28.5	268	35.1	278	36.4	Cycle	336	44.0
Foot	142	18.6	246	32.2				Foot	142	18.6	416	54.5	206	27.0	Foot	519	67.9
Car	380	49.7	463	60.6				Car	664	86.9	18	2.4	82	10.7	Car	0	0.0
PT	134	17.5	113	14.8				PT	511	66.9	14	1.8	239	31.3	PT	0	0.0

Table 2. Statistics over control variables; percentage (%) of sample for binary variables, average (μ) response for Likert-based and continuous variables

Control Variables		% or μ
Covariates	% Female	75.9
	μ Age	45.6
	% University Educated	63.7
	% HH Monthly Income >€3000	46.2
	μ Urbanization (range [0,12.1])	7.1
Employment	% Employed	56.4
	% Affected by COVID	8.0
	% Searching for Job	3.0
	% Unemployed	14.9
	% Retired	17.7
Lockdown Regulations	μ Follow (range [1,5])	4.5
	μ Take Seriously (range [1,5])	4.8
Private Travel Access	% Driving License	90.7
	% Car Ownership	90.1
	% Bicycle Ownership	90.1
Positive Attitude Toward Behavior	μ Walk (range [7,35])	28.6
	μ Cycle (range [7,35])	27.1
	μ PT (range [7,35])	16.8
	μ Car (range [7,35])	21.0
Residential Characteristics	% Garden	76.4
	% Terrace	75.8
	% Green Space	92.9

Table 3. Multinomial logistic regressions for change (more or less) in daily travel frequency by mode (walk, cycle, car, PT) and trip purpose (commute or non-work)

		CHANGE IN MODE FREQUENCY DUE TO LOCKDOWN
		WALK		CYCLE		CAR		PT		WALK		CYCLE		CAR		PT
		R^2 = 0.233		R^2 = 0.317		R^2 = 0.249		R^2 = 0.300		R^2 = 0.228		R^2 = 0.292		R^2 = 0.245		R^2 = 0.292
		Less	More	Less	More	Less	More	Less	More	Less	More	Less	More	Less	More	Less	More
Key Independent Variables		COMMUTING MODELS								NON-WORK MODELS
Usual Travel Mode	Cycle	0.35	0.16	0.98	0.13	−0.02	−0.50	0.32	−0.16	0.16	−0.22	0.76	−0.37	−0.63	−0.15	0.45	3.75
	Foot	0.82	0.12	0.46	0.25	0.04	1.71	0.33	0.26	0.87	0.34	−0.02	−0.01	0.34	1.07	0.29	−1.35
	Car	−0.27	0.46	−1.12	0.11	−0.04	−0.97	−0.47	−0.82	−0.04	0.19	−0.89	−0.11	−0.03	0.31	−0.30	−0.42
	PT	0.25	0.29	−0.14	−0.12	0.39	−0.69	1.80	0.30	0.49	0.11	0.20	0.02	0.22	−0.29	1.25	1.89
Control Variables
Covariates	Female	−0.16	0.06	−0.08	0.09	−0.29	−1.28	0.33	−0.37	−0.16	0.05	0.00	0.09	−0.32	−1.27	0.28	−0.44
	Age	−0.01	−0.03	−0.02	−0.01	0.02	−0.03	0.00	0.10	−0.01	−0.03	−0.01	−0.01	0.02	−0.03	0.00	0.10
	University Educated	0.45	0.57	0.34	0.22	0.69	−0.31	0.12	0.96	0.41	0.59	0.34	0.25	0.78	−0.34	0.19	0.32
	HH Monthly Income >3000	−0.07	0.63	0.25	0.32	0.26	−0.63	−0.07	−0.80	−0.08	0.64	0.17	0.31	0.28	−0.68	−0.16	−1.05
	Urbanization	0.02	0.09	0.04	0.02	−0.04	0.06	0.03	−0.03	0.02	0.07	0.07	0.03	−0.07	0.10	0.02	0.02
Employment (Reference: Employed)	Affected by COVID	−0.12	0.45	−0.41	0.06	0.71	1.27	−0.17	1.22	−0.28	0.46	−0.68	0.07	0.62	1.23	−0.37	1.61
	Searching for Job	−0.82	0.13	−1.35	0.12	1.22	0.09	0.16	−18.90	−0.96	0.00	−1.43	0.17	1.10	0.61	−0.11	−18.22
	Unemployed	−0.21	−0.29	−0.10	−0.49	1.63	0.31	0.64	−17.55	−0.10	−0.29	−0.02	−0.42	1.66	0.86	0.64	−16.81
	Retired	−0.17	0.14	0.76	0.60	1.45	−20.19	0.87	−0.21	−0.16	0.07	0.74	0.64	1.47	−19.30	0.84	−0.69
Lockdown Regulations	Follow	0.02	−0.46	0.28	−0.15	0.03	0.79	0.00	−0.33	−0.01	−0.46	0.21	−0.17	0.01	0.89	0.00	−0.18
	Take Seriously	0.15	0.02	0.14	−0.08	0.29	1.04	0.28	0.14	0.13	0.02	0.10	−0.07	0.31	0.95	0.25	0.23
Private Travel Access	Driving License	−0.05	0.48	1.07	1.01	0.76	1.61	−0.52	−2.59	0.02	0.63	0.86	0.94	0.76	1.34	−0.65	−3.33
	Car Ownership	−1.17	−0.56	−0.87	−0.44	1.14	−1.97	0.10	0.24	−1.20	−0.67	−0.67	−0.44	1.07	−2.12	0.15	1.05
	Bicycle Ownership	0.13	0.02	0.20	1.97	0.20	0.88	0.59	−1.35	0.19	0.00	0.33	2.00	0.36	0.79	0.54	−2.65
Positive Attitude Toward Behavior	Walk	0.02	0.08	−0.04	−0.07	0.00	0.07	−0.02	0.06	0.01	0.07	−0.03	−0.06	−0.01	0.10	−0.02	0.13
	Cycle	−0.05	0.01	0.01	0.15	0.01	−0.06	0.01	−0.03	−0.04	0.01	0.01	0.16	0.03	−0.08	0.01	−0.12
	PT	−0.03	−0.01	0.02	−0.03	−0.07	0.04	0.07	0.10	−0.02	−0.01	0.01	−0.04	−0.07	0.04	0.08	0.07
	Car	0.05	−0.02	−0.01	−0.01	0.03	0.15	−0.01	−0.08	0.04	−0.01	−0.02	−0.01	0.02	0.14	−0.01	−0.01

Note: references those with no change in daily movement; bold and italicized Beta values significant at p < 0.05 level, bold Beta values significant at p < .10 level

Table 4. Binary logistic regression for weekly UT

		Weekly Walk	Weekly Cycle
	R^2	0.21	0.32
Key Independent Variables
Change in Daily Movement	Car	−0.28	−0.39
	PT	0.00	0.01
	UT Before Lockdown	0.50	−0.01
Control Variables
Covariates	Female	−0.48	−0.35
	Age	−0.03	0.00
	University Educated	0.37	0.12
	Monthly HH Income >3000	−0.04	−0.14
	Urbanization	0.00	−0.03
Employment (Reference: Employed)	Affected by COVID	0.28	−0.13
	Searching for Job	−0.23	−0.10
	Unemployed	−0.43	−0.94
	Retired	0.60	0.21
Lockdown Regulations	Follow	−0.46	−0.28
	Take Seriously	0.05	−0.21
Private Travel Access	Driving License	−0.18	0.01
	Car Ownership	−0.06	0.25
	Bicycle Ownership	0.11	2.89
Positive Attitude Toward Behavior	Walk	0.12	−0.09
	Cycle	0.00	0.18
	PT	0.01	−0.02
	Car	−0.02	−0.01
Residential Characteristics	Garden	−0.07	0.13
	Terrace	0.13	−0.16
	Green Space	−0.09	0.27

Note: references those with less than weekly UT; bold and italicized Beta values significant at p < 0.05 level, bold Beta values significant at p < .10 level