Impacts of model structure and data aggregation on European wide predictions of nitrogen and green house gas fluxes in response to changes in livestock, land cover, and land management

Figures & data

Figure 1. Comparison of the NH₃ emission fractions per country by IMAGE and MITERRA related to fertilizer application (a) and manure application (b).

Table 1. N budgets for agricultural lands in the Netherlands, estimated by INITIATOR2 and MITERRA for the years 2000 and 2030.

	N flux (kton N/year)
	2000		2030
N budget term	INITIATOR2	MITERRA	INITIATOR2	MITERRA
Fertilizer application	305	300	208	180
Manure application	314	308	235	272
Organic products	11	0	9.4	0
Grazing	108	122	87	97
Deposition	65	66	52	54
Fixation	16	7.8	15	7.0
Total input	820	803	606	610
N mineralization	69	0	63	0
Crop removal	425	337	385	343
Surplus	464	466	284	267
NH3–N emissions	125	108	90	93
N2O–N emissions	20.0	15.0	12.7	12.2
NO x –N emissions	15.2	11.7	9.4	9.3
N leaching	88	108	53	53
N runoff	44	19.5	26	14.3

Figure 2. Comparison of total NH₃ emissions (A) and N leaching (B) by INITIATOR2 and MITERRA per NUTS2 region in the Netherlands for the year 2000.

Figure 3. Geographic variation in total NH₃ emissions as derived by INITIATOR2 per STONE plot (a) and by MITERRA per NUTS2 region (b) in the Netherlands for the year 2000.

Table 2. Calculated exceedances of critical N loads for nature and critical NO₃ leaching for agricultural lands in the Netherlands in view of impacts on biodiversity (deposition) and ground water quality (leaching) by INITIATOR2 and MITERRA in the year 2000.

Type of exceedance	Model	Exceedance
		Area (%)	Accumulated (ton/year)	Average (kg/ha/year)
Deposition	INITIATOR2	86	5174	8.5
	MITERRA	87	4294	6.4
Leaching	INITIATOR2	27	11	20
	MITERRA	70	51	37

Table 3. Calculated N budgets for agricultural lands for EU 27 by IMAGE and MITERRA for the years 2000 and 2030.

	N flux (kton/year)
	2000		2030
N budget term	IMAGE	MITERRA	IMAGE	MITERRA
Fertilizer application	11,223	11,302	10,312	10,133
Manure application	4,191	4,785	3,679	4,162
Grazing	4,609	3,560	3,141	2,632
Deposition	2,789	2,015	1,949	1,812
Fixation	1,385	832	1,285	785
Total input	24,179	22,494	20,366	19,524
Crop removal	13,500	10,635	12,270	9,666
Surplus	10,679	11,860	9,016	9,858
NH3–N emissions	2,848	2,873	2,456	2,534
N2O–N emissions	434 (510)	318 (374)	367 (428)	270 (325)
NO x –N emissions	219	93	184	81
N leaching and runoff	5,945	2,811	4,443	2,398
Values in parentheses represent the total N2O emission including indirect N2O emissions due to N leaching and N (NH3 and NO x ) emission

Figure 4. Comparison of total NH₃ emissions (A), N₂O emissions (B) NO _x emissions (C), and N leaching (D) by IMAGE and MITERRA per country for the year 2000.