Greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation potentials in agriculture, forestry and other land use in Southeast Asia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Input and output of AFOLUB model.

Table 1. Greenhouse gas emission sources covered in AFOLUB model and the categories of IPCC guideline.

Emission sources	Classification	Gases	IPCC GLs 2006	IPCC GLs 1996
Enteric fermentation		CH4	3A1	4A
	Dairy cattle		3A1ai	4A1a
	Other cattle		3A1aii	4A1b
	Buffalo		3A1b	4A2
	Sheep		3A1c	4A3
	Goats		3A1d	4A4
	Camels		3A1e	4A5
	Horses		3A1f	4A6
	Mules		3A1g	4A7
	Asses		3A1g	4A7
	Swine		3A1h	4A8
Manure management		CH4, N2O	3A2	4B
	Dairy cattle		3A2ai	4B1a
	Other cattle		3A2aii	4B1b
	Buffalo		3A2b	4B2
	Sheep		3A2c	4B3
	Goat		3A2d	4B4
	Camel		3A2e	4B5
	Horse		3A2f	4B6
	Mules		3A2g	4B7
	Asses		3A2g	4B7
	Swine		3A2h	4B8
	Chickens		3A2i	4B9
	Ducks		3A2i	4B9
	Turkeys		3A2i	4B9
Landuse, Landuse change and Forestry (LULUCF)		CO2	3B	5
	Forest land		3B1	5A, 5B, 5D
	Cropland		3B2	4C, 4D, 4F, 5A, 5B, 5D
	Grassland		3B3	4D, 4E, 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D
	Wetlands		3B4	5A, 5B, 5E, 4D
	Settlements		3B5	5A, 5D, 5E, 5B
	Other land		3B6	–
Aggregate sources and non-CO2 emissions sources on land			3C	–
	Emissions from biomass burning*	CO2, CH4, N2O	3C1	–
	Liming*	CO2	3C2	–
	Urea application*	CO2	3C3	–
	Direct N2O emission from managed soils	N2O	3C4	4D
	Indirect N2O emission from managed soils	N2O	3C5	4D
	Indirect N2O emissions from manure management	N2O	3C6	–
Rice cultivations		CH4	3C7	4C
Note: *Not estimated by AFOLUB model.

Table 2. List of main technology (l0).

Code	Main technologies (l0)	Code	Main technologies (l0)
Livestock enteric fermentation		Manure management
gz_cattle_d	Grazing dairy cattle	lmc_cattle_d	Manure management for dairy cattle
gz_cattle_o	Grazing other cattle	lmc_cattle_o	Manure management for other cattle
gz_buffaloes	Grazing buffalo	lmc_buffaloes	Manure management for buffalo
gz_sheep	Grazing sheep	lmc_sheep	Manure management for sheep
gz_goats	Grazing goats	lmc_goats	Manure management for goats
gz_camels	Grazing camels	lmc_camels	Manure management for camels
gz_horses	Grazing horses	lmc_horses	Manure management for horses
gz_mules	Grazing mules	lmc_mules	Manure management for mules
gz_asses	Grazing asses	lmc_asses	Manure management for asses
gz_swines	Grazing swines	lmc_swines	Manure management for swines
ho_cattle_d	Housing dairy cattle	lmc_chickens	Manure management for chickens
ho_cattle_o	Housing other cattle	lmc_ducks	Manure management for ducks
ho_buffaloes	Housing buffalo	lmc_turkeys	Manure management for turkeys
ho_sheep	Housing sheep	Managed soils
ho_goats	Housing goats	n_pdr	Nitogen fertilizer application to rice field
ho_camels	Housing camels	n_wht	Nitogen fertilizer application to wheat field
ho_horses	Housing horses	n_gro	Nitogen fertilizer application to other coarse grains field
ho_mules	Housing mules	n_v_f	Nitogen fertilizer application to vegetable, fuites and nuts field
ho_asses	Housing asses	n_osd	Nitogen fertilizer application to oil crops field
ho_swines	Housing swines	n_c_b	Nitogen fertilizer application to sugar crops field
ho_chickens	Housing chickens	n_ocr	Nitogen fertilizer application to other crops field
ho_ducks	Housing ducks	navb_cattle_d	Application of manure compost of dairy cattle to managed soils
ho_turkeys	Housing turkeys	navb_cattle_o	Application of manure compost of other cattle to managed soils
Manure management		navb_buffaloes	Application of manure compost of buffalo to managed soils
ms1	Uncovered anaerobic lagoon	navb_sheep	Application of manure compost of sheep to managed soils
ms2	Liquid/Sherry	navb_goats	Application of manure compost of goats to managed soils
ms3	Solid storage	navb_camels	Application of manure compost of camels to managed soils
ms4	Drylot	navb_horses	Application of manure compost of horses to managed soils
ms5	PRP	navb_mules	Application of manure compost of mules to managed soils
ms6	Daily spread	navb_asses	Application of manure compost of asses to managed soils
ms7	Digester	navb_swines	Application of manure compost of swines to managed soils
ms8	Burned for fuel or as waste	navb_chickens	Application of manure compost of chickens to managed soils
ms9	Pit<1 month	navb_ducks	Application of manure compost of ducks to managed soils
ms10	Pit>1 month	navb_turkeys	Application of manure compost of turkeys to managed soils
ms11	Other	Rice cultivation
ms12	Anaerobic digester	pdy	Rice production in flooded field
ms13	Cattle and swine deep bedding	dpdy	Rice production in upland field
ms14	Composting – In-vessel
ms15	Composting – Static pile
ms16	Composting – Intensive windrow
ms17	Composting – Passive windrow
ms18	Poultry manure with litter
ms19	Poultry manure without litter
ms20	Aerobic treatment

Table 3. List of additional technologies in agriculture (l1∼lN).

Emission source	Code	Additional technology (l1∼lN)		References	Mitigation [tCO2eq/ha/year] or [tCO2eq/head/year]	Reference country
Livestock enteric fermentation	3A1	HGM	High genetic merit	Bates (1998)	0.32	XE15
		RRC	Replacement of roughage with concentrates	Bates (1998), Shibata and Fujimori (2010), Graus et al. (2004)	0.45	XE15
		DSM	Daily spread of manure	Bates (1998)	0.33	XE15
Manure management	3A2	CFL	Biogas capture	USEPA (2006), MoE (2010) pp.V-30, NRE (2011) p. 33 Table 3.1, MONRE (2010) p. 100.	0.62	USA
Managed soils	3C4-3C6	HEF	High efficienct fertilizer application	USEPA (2006), Hendriks et al. (1998), Amann et al. (2008)	0.65	USA
		TRM	Tillage and residue management	IPCC (2007), Smith et al. (2007)	0.08	XE15
		SRF	Use of slow-release type fertilizers, polymer-coated fertilizers	USEPA (2006), Akiyama et al. (2010)	0.76	USA
Rice cultivation	3C7	RAS	Replace urea with ammonium sulfate	USEPA (2006), Graus et al. (2004) p. 16	0.24	USA
		MD	Midseason drainage	USEPA (2006), NRE (2011), p. 33, Table 3.1, MONRE (2010) p. 100	0.89	USA
		FIR	Fall incorporation of rice straw	USEPA (2006)	0.68	USA

Table 4. List of main activity (jd).

Code	Main activitiy (jd)	Index	Unit of index
pdr	Rice production	Harvested area	ha
dpdr	Rice production	Harvested area	ha
wht	Wheat production	Harvested area	ha
gro	Other coarse grain production	Harvested area	ha
v_f	Vegetable, fuites and nut production	Harvested area	ha
osd	Oil crop production	Harvested area	ha
c_b	Sugar crop production	Harvested area	ha
ocr	Other crop production	Harvested area	ha
gz_cattle_d	Milk production by grazing	Number of grazing animals	head
gz_cattle_o	Beef production by grazing	Number of grazing animals	head
gz_buffaloes	Buffalo meat production by grazing	Number of grazing animals	head
gz_sheep	Sheep meat production by grazing	Number of grazing animals	head
gz_goats	Goat meat production by grazing	Number of grazing animals	head
gz_camels	Camel meat production by grazing	Number of grazing animals	head
gz_horses	Horse meat production by grazing	Number of grazing animals	head
gz_mules	Mule meat production by grazing	Number of grazing animals	head
gz_asses	Asses meat production by grazing	Number of grazing animals	head
gz_swines	Pork production by grazing	Number of grazing animals	head
fd_cattle_d	Milk production by housing	Number of housing animals	head
fd_cattle_o	Beef production by housing	Number of housing animals	head
fd_buffaloes	Buffalo meat production by housing	Number of housing animals	head
fd_sheep	Sheep meat production by housing	Number of housing animals	head
fd_goats	Goat meat production by housing	Number of housing animals	head
fd_camels	Camel meat production by housing	Number of housing animals	head
fd_horses	Horse meat production by housing	Number of housing animals	head
fd_mules	Mule meat production by housing	Number of housing animals	head
fd_asses	Asses meat production by housing	Number of housing animals	head
fd_swines	Pork production by housing	Number of housing animals	head
fd_chickens	Chicken meat production by housing	Number of housing animals	head
fd_ducks	Duck meat production by housing	Number of housing animals	head
fd_turkeys	Turkey meat production by housing	Number of housing animals	head

Table 5. List of secondary activity (js).

Code	Secondary activitiy (js)	Index	Unit of index
n_pdr	Nitorus fertilizer application into rice paddy field	Harvested area	ha
ms1	Manure management by Uncovered anaerobic lagoon	Nitrogen in manure	ton N
ms2	Manure management by Liquid/Sherry	Nitrogen in manure	ton N
ms3	Manure management by Solid storage	Nitrogen in manure	ton N
ms4	Manure management by Drylot	Nitrogen in manure	ton N
ms5	Manure management by PRP	Nitrogen in manure	ton N
ms6	Manure management by Daily spread	Nitrogen in manure	ton N
ms7	Manure management by Digester	Nitrogen in manure	ton N
ms8	Manure management by Burned for fuel or as waste	Nitrogen in manure	ton N
ms9	Manure management by Pit<1 month	Nitrogen in manure	ton N
ms10	Manure management by Pit>1 month	Nitrogen in manure	ton N
ms11	Manure management by Other	Nitrogen in manure	ton N
ms12	Manure management by Anaerobic digester	Nitrogen in manure	ton N
ms13	Manure management by Cattle and swine deep bedding	Nitrogen in manure	ton N
ms14	Manure management by Composting – In-Vessel	Nitrogen in manure	ton N
ms15	Manure management by Composting – Static Pile	Nitrogen in manure	ton N
ms16	Manure management by Composting – Intensive Windrow	Nitrogen in manure	ton N
ms17	Manure management by Composting – Passive Windrow	Nitrogen in manure	ton N
ms18	Manure management by Poultry manure with litter	Nitrogen in manure	ton N
ms19	Manure management by Poultry manure without litter	Nitrogen in manure	ton N
ms20	Manure management by Aerobic treatment	Nitrogen in manure	ton N
lmc_cattle_d	Manure management for dairy cattle	Number of animals	head
lmc_cattle_o	Manure management for other cattle	Number of animals	head
lmc_buffaloes	Manure management for buffaloes	Number of animals	head
lmc_sheep	Manure management for sheep	Number of animals	head
lmc_goats	Manure management for goats	Number of animals	head
lmc_camels	Manure management for camels	Number of animals	head
lmc_horses	Manure management for horses	Number of animals	head
lmc_mules	Manure management for mules	Number of animals	head
lmc_asses	Manure management for asses	Number of animals	head
lmc_swines	Manure management for swines	Number of animals	head
lmc_chickens	Manure management for chickens	Number of animals	head
lmc_ducks	Manure management for ducks	Number of animals	head
lmc_turkeys	Manure management for turkeys	Number of animals	head
navb_cattle_d	Application of manure compost of dairy cattle to managed soils	Nitrogen in manure applied to soils	ton N
navb_cattle_o	Application of manure compost of other cattle to managed soils	Nitrogen in manure applied to soils	ton N
navb_buffaloes	Application of manure compost of buffaloes to managed soils	Nitrogen in manure applied to soils	ton N
navb_sheep	Application of manure compost of sheep to managed soils	Nitrogen in manure applied to soils	ton N
navb_goats	Application of manure compost of goats to managed soils	Nitrogen in manure applied to soils	ton N
navb_camels	Application of manure compost of camels to managed soils	Nitrogen in manure applied to soils	ton N
navb_horses	Application of manure compost of horses to managed soils	Nitrogen in manure applied to soils	ton N
navb_mules	Application of manure compost of mules to managed soils	Nitrogen in manure applied to soils	ton N
navb_asses	Application of manure compost of asses to managed soils	Nitrogen in manure applied to soils	ton N
navb_swines	Application of manure compost of swines to managed soils	Nitrogen in manure applied to soils	ton N
navb_chickens	Application of manure compost of chickens to managed soils	Nitrogen in manure applied to soils	ton N
navb_ducks	Application of manure compost of ducks to managed soils	Nitrogen in manure applied to soils	ton N
navb_turkeys	Application of manure compost of turkeys to managed soils	Nitrogen in manure applied to soils	ton N

Figure 2. Greenhouse gas emissions in Agriculture and LULUCF in 2000 comparing to SNC.

Figure 3. Greenhouse gas emissions in Agriculture and LULUCF in BaU case.

Figure 4. Greenhouse gas mitigations by technology under 10 USD/tCO₂eq in Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam.

Figure 5. Greenhouse gas mitigations by technology under different allowable costs for GHG emission mitigations in Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam.