Analysing the interactions of energy and climate policies in a broad policy ‘optimality’ framework: the Italian case study

Figures & data

Figure 1 GHG trends (2002 = kgoe per 1000 EUR (kilograms of oil equivalent per one thousand euros); see http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_SDDS/DE/tsdec360_esmsip.htm). Source: Authors' elaboration on Eurostat data (March 2014).

Figure 2 Energy intensity of GDP. Source: Authors' elaboration on Eurostat data (March 2014).

Table 1 List of selected instruments by policy landscape.

Policy instrument	Policy landscapes
	Carbon pricing	Energy efficiency and energy consumption	Promotion of renewable sources of energy	Non-CO2 GHGs
ETS	✓			✓
Kyoto Fund^a	✓	✓	✓	✓
Energy efficiency-related tax incentive		✓
Energy performance certificate for buildings		✓
Incentives for the purchase of vehicles		✓
White certificates		✓
Renewable energy for heating & cooling support scheme (Conto Termico)		✓	✓
All inclusive tariff (tariffa omnicomprensiva)			✓
Certificates of release for biofuels consumption			✓
Feed-in tariff/premium (Conto Energia) photovoltaic			✓
Green certificates			✓
New feed-in premium for renewable energy sources other than photovoltaic			✓
Regional objectives for renewable energy			✓
Landfill tax				✓
Waste management tariffs (tariffa igiene ambientale) and new TARES (since January 2013)				✓

a Though the fund is not properly a specific carbon pricing tool, it finances GHG abatement investments and is possibly fuelled in the future by ETS auction revenues.