Surveys of rice sold in Canada for aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and fumonisins

Figures & data

Figure 1. Yearly variation of AFB₁ in Canadian retail rice, expressed as a normal distribution plot. There were not enough positives in both years to conduct year-to-year comparisons for the other two mycotoxins.

Table 1. Samples with a positive fumonisin contamination in rice collected in 2008.^a

	Concentration (ng g^−1)
Rice sample	FB1	FB2	FB3	Fumonisins (total)
Enriched pre-cooked	1^b	0	0	1
Wild mix	2	0	0	2
Long-grain brown	2	0	0	2
Long grain white	2	0	0	2
Organic white long grain	2	0	0	2
Medium grain Calrose	3^b	0	0	3
Whole grain brown	3	0	0	3
Organic brown and wild	4	0	0	4
Wild rice and brown	4	0	0	4
Medium grain Calrose	5	0	0	5
Sticky	5	0	0	5
Organic brown basmati	5	1^b	1^b	7
Brown basmati natural	9	1^b	1^b	11
Black glutinous	9^b	2^b	1^b	12
Long-grain brown	11	2	1^b	14
Notes: ^aOnly one positive (14 ng g^−1) out of 100 samples was found in the 2009 survey.
^bLC-MS/MS result.
LC-fluorescence and LC-MS/MS data are reported.

Figure 2. Overall means of AFB₁, FB₁ and OTA for each type of rice sample collected in 2008. Except where colour is indicated, rices are white.

Table 2. Overall incidences (≥LOD) of AFB₁, OTA and FB₁ for each type of rice sample collected in 2008.

	Incidence
Rice type	AFB1	OTA	FB1
Arborio^a	0/9	0/9	0/9
Basmati^a	9/9	0/9	0/9
Black	1/1	1/1	1/1
Brown	11/19	0/19	5/19
Calrose^a	2/5	0/5	2/5
Converted^a	7/9	0/9	1/9
Glutinous^a	1/6	0/6	1/6
Jasmine^a	8/12	0/12	0/12
Red	1/2	0/2	0/2
White^a	12/19	0/19	2/19
Wild^b	4/8	0/8	3/8
All rices	56/99	1/99	15/99
Notes: ^aWhite rices.
^bMay be mixed with other types of rice.

Table 3. Natural occurrence of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and fumonisins in rice for each sample collection year.

	2007 (n = 100)			2008 (n = 99)			2009 (n = 100)
	n (p)	Mean (p)	Mean (o)	n (p)	Mean (p)	Mean (o)	n (p)	Mean (p)	Mean (o)
AFB1	–	–	–	56	0.34	0.19	43	0.39	0.17
AFB2	–	–	–	–	–	–	23	0.08	0.02
OTA	43	0.11	0.05	1	0.49	0.005	–	–	–
FB1	–	–	–	15	4.5	0.68	1	14	0.14
FB2	–	–	–	4	1.5	0.06	1	2.9	0.03
FB3	–	–	–	4	1.0	0.04	1	1.6	0.02
Notes: n (p), number of positives (≥LOD); mean (p), mean of positives (ng g^−1); mean (o), overall mean (ng g^−1). –, no data available.

Table 4. Two-year surveys of rice sold in Canada for aflatoxin B₁, ochratoxin A and fumonisin B₁.

All rice (n = 199)	AFB1	OTA	FB1
Maximum concentration (ng g^−1)	7.1	0.49	14
Number of positives (≥LOD)	99	44	16
Mean of positives (ng g^−1)	0.36	0.12	5.1
Overall mean (ng g^−1)	0.18	0.03	0.41