Towards a generic procedure for the detection of relevant contaminants from waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) in plastic food-contact materials: a review and selection of key parameters

Figures & data

Table 1. Overview of THE available analytical methods for the quantification of selected parameters for waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) evaluation in polymer matrices.

Main parameter	Detailed list of WEEE-relevant target analytes	Analytical method	Reference
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)	HBCD, TBBPA, decaBDE	Pressurised liquid extraction (PLE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS)	Vilaplana et al. (2008)
	BTBPE, decaBDE, DBDPE, TBBPA, HBCD, 2,4,6-tribromophenol	Bromine screening by high-definition (HD) X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)	Miller et al. (2016)
	DecaBDE	XRF spectroscopy followed by direct insertion probe magnetic sector high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)	Guzzonato et al. (2016a)
	PBDEs, PBBs, HBCD, TBBPA, BTBPE, 2,4,6-tribromophenol, TBBPA derivates	Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma spectrometry-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), hand-held XRF spectroscopy followed by thermal desorption GC-MS	Guzzonato et al. (2016b)
	PBDEs, TBBPA and TBPE with additional information on Br, P, Cl, Pb, Hg, Cd and Sb	XRF spectroscopic screening followed by gas chromatography electron capture detection (GC-ECD) or HRMS in extracts	Sindiku et al. (2015)
	PBB, PBDEs, TBP, TBBPA, TBPE	Ultrasonic extraction reverse phase-high-performance liquid chromatography/UV detection (RP-HPLC/UV)	Pöhlein et al. (2005)
	DecaBDE, ethylene(bis-tetrabromophthal)imide (EBTBPI), DBDPE and TBBPA	XRF screening followed by ion attachment mass spectrometry (IAMS)	Sato et al. (2010)
	TBBPA, PBDEs and HBCD	XRF spectroscopic analysis at first followed by a surface wipe test or destructive chemical analysis gas chromatography negative chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS)	Gallen et al. (2014)
	30 target analytes (BFRs and PFRs)	Direct probe sample introduction for screening to atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation-high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (APCI-HRTOF)	Ballesteros-Gómez et al. (2016)
	DecaBDE-209	Thermal desorption GC-MS	Hosaka et al. (2005)
	TBBPA, PBDEs	Liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry (LESA-MS)	Paine et al. (2014)
WEEE-related elements (non-REE and REE)	Heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni) with overall bromine and chloride	Atomic adsorption spectrometric methods and combustion ion exchange chromatography	Dimitrakakis et al. (2009)
	Heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Hg)	XRF, ICP-OES and cold vapour-atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CV-AFS)	Wienold et al. (2011)
	REEs and other elements (Au, Ag, B, Ba, Cr, In, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Ta, Zn and Zr)	XRF spectroscopy	Yamasue et al. (2007)
	REEs (Dy, Er, Gd, La, Nd and Ce)	ICP-OES	Knoop et al. (2014)
	REEs and other elements (Be, Mg, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Nb, Ag, Sn, Ba, Ta, W, Au and Pb)	ICP-OES	Christian et al. (2012)
WEEE matrices	21 defined polymer categories	Portable near-infrared devise	Martinho et al. (2013)
	Material composition (mainly styrenic), elemental composition (Cl, Br, Cd, Cr, Hg, Sb, Sn, Ni, As, Cu and Pb), BFRs (PBDEs, TBBPA, TBPE and PBBs)	FTIR, XRF, HPLC-UV/MS	Schlummer et al. (2007)

Figure 1. Recommended stepwise screening set-up for the evaluation of waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) in polymeric matrices using associated importance levels.

Figure 2. Fast automated full-scan single-ion monitoring technique (FASST) data obtained by thermal desorption GC-MS from a black thermocup cover (sliding stopper) purchased on the European market.

Figure 3. Generic procedure for the evaluation of waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) in plastic food-contact materials (FCMs), including an antimony (Sb) loop for the synergetic confirmation, taking into consider principles of Regulation (EU) 10/2011 (plastic FCMs) and Regulation (EC) 282/2008 (recycled plastic FCMs).

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