Intake of low and no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) by the Brazilian population

Figures & data

Table 1. Market share assignment strategy

Food category	Number of products			Market share assignment strategy
	With market share	No market share	Total
LNCS (form not specified)	-	2	2	Products within a category are assumed to have equal market share. The total market share within a category is standardised to sum to 100%.
Diet breads	-	1	1
Diet cappuccino	-	1	1
Diet chocolate bar	-	1	1
Diet chocolate milk	-	4	4
Diet fruit yoghurt	-	9	9
Diet hard candy	-	1	1
Diet nutritional drink	-	1	1
Diet sports drink	-	2	2
Diet yoghurt drink	-	1	1
LNCS, liquid	13	1	14	Products missing market share information were assigned a default market share equal to average of market shares of products within the same category. The total market share within a category is standardised to sum to 100%.
LNCS, powder	6	1	7
Diet carbonated soda -cola	3	2	5
Diet cookies	5	3	8
Diet fruit drink, powder	4	5	9
Diet hot cocoa mix	1	3	4
Diet jello/jelly	2	8	10
Diet milk beverage	2	1	3
Diet tea	6	2	8
Diet cakes	1	-	1	The reported market shares are used. The total market share within a category is standardised to sum to 100%.
Diet carbonated soda -fruit	9	-	9
Diet chewing gum	1	-	1
Diet fruit drink	4	-	4
Diet pudding/ice cream	3	-	3
Flavoured water	1	-	1
Total	61	48	109	-

Table 2. LNCS use rate derivation for each scenario

Scenario	Market share used?	Use rate per product within a category	Use rate assigned to category
Scenario A	Not used	For each product within a category: Reported use rate or upper limit of range if rate reported as range	Maximum rate across all products within a category
Scenario B	Used	For each product within a category: Reported use rate or midpoint of range if rate reported as range	Weighted average of rates across all products within a category

Table 3. LNCS use rate per food category and LNCS

	Reported use rates (mg kg^-^1)
	Acesulfame potassium		Aspartame		Cyclamate		Saccharin		Steviol glycosides		Sucralose
Food or beverage category	Max^a	WA^b	Max	WA	Max	WA	Max	WA	Max	WA	Max	WA
LNCS (mg per amount equivalent to 2 tsp of sugar)^c	11.9	1.3	40.0	3.1	24.0	7.2	24.6	6.3	45.5	2.3	13.7	2.1
Diet breads	-^d	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	50	50
Diet cakes	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	800	650	-	-
Diet cappuccino	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	100	100
Diet carbonated soda-cola	160	23	350	28	644	59	-	-	-	-	180	4
Diet carbonated soda-fruit	150	2	323	6	860	58	110	7	-	-	150	<1
Diet chewing gum	2360	2360	3930	3930	-	-	-	-	-	-	1300	1300
Diet chocolate bar	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	30000	30000
Diet chocolate milk	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	158	30
Diet cookies	266	4	-	-	-	-	-	-	2000	37	400	37
Diet fruit drink	736	20	2364	95	428	24	51	4	180	<1	130	25
Diet fruit yoghurt	-	-	-	-	14	<1	-	-	-	-	101	4
Diet hard candy	2650	2650	4850	4850	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Diet hot cocoa mix	2360	203	-	-	4700	838	1500	158	1600	100	-	-
Diet ice cream/pudding	15	4	176	51	286	75	50	10	-	-	-	-
Diet jello/jelly	180	16	1575	87	3208	240	263	18	-	-	-	-
Diet milk beverage	50	11	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	60	10
Diet nutritional drink	2600	2300	-	-	-	-	600	500	-	-	2600	1500
Diet sports drink	43	22	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	68	34
Diet tea	80	7	220	17	-	-	120	1	-	-	150	5
Diet yoghurt drink	90	65	-	-	-	-	-	-	12	11	180	125
Flavoured water	120	120	180	180	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

^aMax: Maximum of all use rates reported in the ABIAD survey across all products within category.

^bWA: Market share weighted average of the use rate (or midpoint if rate reported as range) reported in the ABIAD survey for all products within category.

^cLNCS amount in liquid or powder sweetener equivalent to 2 teaspoons of sugar.

^dNone of the products within category were reported in the ABIAD survey as using the specific sweetener.

Table 4. JECFA Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for the six LNCS

Sweetener	JECFA ADI (mg/kg-bw^−1)^a
Acesulfame potassium	0 − 15
Aspartame	0–40
Calcium cyclamate	0–11
Saccharin	0–5
Steviol glycosides	0–4
Sucralose	0–15

^aSource: WHO 2019 for all sweeteners except steviol glycosides. WHO 2017 for steviol glycosides.

Table 5. Study population by age group and consumption of LNCS

Age Group	N	Number (%) consuming LNCS by source^a
		Processed food/beverage	Tabletop usage^b	Total
Adolescents 10–18y	6889	83 (1.8%)	157 (2.7%)	229 (4.2%)
Adults 19–59y	22402	407 (2.4%)	1952 (10.9%)	2230 (12.4%)
Elderly 60 + y	4322	88 (3.0%)	917 (26.5%)	955 (27.8%)
Total	33613	578 (2.4%)	3026 (11.4%)	3414 (12.9%)

^a% are derived using the statistical weights provided with the IBGE database.

^bLNCS added to beverages.

Table 6. Estimated daily intake of acesulfame potassium (mg kg-bw⁻¹ day⁻¹); Brazilian population

	Consumers		Scenario A (Brand loyal consumer)				Scenario B (General consumer)
	N	%	Mean (SE)	P90	P95		Mean (SE)	P90	P95
Intake from processed food and beverages
Total (10 + y)	539	2.2	0.81 (0.06)	1.50	2.04		0.13 (0.01)	0.27	0.42
10–18y	82	1.8	1.12 (0.17)	2.19	3.81		0.18 (0.03)	0.27	0.59
19–59y	378	2.3	0.78 (0.05)	1.50	1.92		0.13 (0.02)	0.26	0.42
60 + y	79	2.7	0.61 (0.11)	1.15	1.48		0.09 (0.03)	0.27	0.27
Intake from tabletop usage in beverages
Total (10 + y)	3026	11.4	0.23 (0.01)	0.48	0.56		0.03 (<0.01)	0.05	0.06
10–18y	157	2.7	0.30 (0.03)	0.58	0.68		0.03 (<0.01)	0.06	0.07
19–59y	1952	10.9	0.22 (0.01)	0.45	0.56		0.02 (<0.01)	0.05	0.06
60 + y	917	26.5	0.25 (0.01)	0.48	0.57		0.03 (<0.01)	0.05	0.06
Intake from processed food and beverages and tabletop usage in beverages
Total (10 + y)	3389	12.8	0.35 (0.01)	0.71	1.02		0.05 (<0.01)	0.08	0.14
10–18y	228	4.2	0.67 (0.08)	1.15	1.88		0.10 (0.02)	0.18	0.27
19–59y	2210	12.3	0.34 (0.02)	0.71	1.06		0.05 (<0.01)	0.08	0.14
60 + y	951	27.7	0.30 (0.02)	0.55	0.77		0.03 (<0.01)	0.06	0.09

Table 7. Estimated daily intake of aspartame (mg kg-bw⁻¹ day⁻¹); Brazilian population

	Consumers		Scenario A (Brand loyal consumer)				Scenario B (General consumer)
	N	%	Mean (SE)	P90	P95		Mean (SE)	P90	P95
Intake from processed food and beverages
Total (10 + y)	469	2.0	1.99 (0.20)	3.48	4.49		0.15 (0.01)	0.27	0.46
10–18y	70	1.6	2.94 (0.64)	4.71	12.25		0.19 (0.03)	0.34	0.49
19–59y	337	2.1	1.84 (0.16)	3.27	4.34		0.15 (0.02)	0.29	0.46
60 + y	62	2.1	1.73 (0.42)	2.73	3.83		0.08 (0.02)	0.12	0.27
Intake from tabletop usage in beverages
Total (10 + y)	3026	11.4	0.78 (0.02)	1.61	1.89		0.06 (<0.01)	0.12	0.15
10–18y	157	2.7	1.02 (0.09)	1.94	2.29		0.08 (0.01)	0.15	0.18
19–59y	1952	10.9	0.74 (0.02)	1.52	1.88		0.06 (<0.01)	0.12	0.15
60 + y	917	26.5	0.83 (0.03)	1.6	1.91		0.06 (<0.01)	0.12	0.15
Intake from processed food and beverages and tabletop usage in beverages
Total (10 + y)	3337	12.6	1.02 (0.04)	1.94	2.70		0.08 (<0.01)	0.15	0.20
10–18y	217	4.0	1.84 (0.27)	2.85	4.10		0.13 (0.01)	0.22	0.29
19–59y	2177	12.2	0.98 (0.04)	1.94	2.72		0.08 (<0.01)	0.15	0.21
60 + y	943	27.2	0.94 (0.05)	1.76	2.23		0.07 (<0.01)	0.13	0.17

Table 8. Estimated daily intake of cyclamate (mg kg-bw⁻¹ day⁻¹); Brazilian population

	Consumers			Scenario A (Brand loyal consumer)				Scenario B (General consumer)
	N	%		Mean (SE)	P90	P95		Mean (SE)	P90	P95
Intake from processed food and beverages
Total (10 + y)	400		1.7	3.59 (0.17)	6.34	8.57		0.29 (0.01)	0.53	0.65
10–18y	60		1.5	3.81 (0.34)	6.01	7.87		0.32 (0.03)	0.55	0.72
19–59y	290		1.8	3.63 (0.21)	7.06	9.02		0.29 (0.01)	0.58	0.67
60 + y	50		1.8	3.09 (0.33)	5.6	7.27		0.22 (0.02)	0.42	0.49
Intake from tabletop usage in beverages
Total (10 + y)	3026		11.4	0.47 (0.01)	0.96	1.14		0.14 (<0.01)	0.29	0.34
10–18y	157		2.7	0.61 (0.05)	1.16	1.38		0.18 (0.02)	0.35	0.41
19–59y	1952		10.9	0.45 (0.01)	0.91	1.13		0.13 (<0.01)	0.27	0.34
60 + y	917		26.5	0.5 (0.02)	0.96	1.15		0.15 (0.01)	0.29	0.35
Intake from processed food and beverages and tabletop usage in beverages
Total (10 + y)	3272		12.4	0.93 (0.05)	2.57	3.85		0.17 (<0.01)	0.34	0.45
10–18y	207		3.9	1.85 (0.22)	4.04	5.56		0.25 (0.02)	0.46	0.55
19–59y	2132		12	0.96 (0.06)	2.66	3.98		0.17 (0.01)	0.34	0.45
60 + y	933		27.1	0.69 (0.05)	1.26	2.48		0.16 (0.01)	0.32	0.39

Table 9. Estimated daily intake of saccharin (mg kg-bw⁻¹ day⁻¹); Brazilian population

	Consumers		Scenario A (Brand loyal consumer)				Scenario B (General consumer)
	N	%	Mean (SE)	P90	P95		Mean (SE)	P90	P95
Intake from processed food and beverages
Total (10 + y)	268	1.1	0.48 (0.03)	0.93	1.10		0.04 (<0.01)	0.07	0.11
10–18y	35	0.6	0.52 (0.08)	0.97	1.60		0.05 (0.02)	0.11	0.25
19–59y	187	1.1	0.50 (0.04)	0.93	1.23		0.04 (0.01)	0.07	0.08
60 + y	46	1.8	0.41 (0.04)	0.75	0.93		0.03 (0.01)	0.05	0.07
Intake from tabletop usage in beverages
Total (10 + y)	3026	11.4	0.48 (0.01)	0.99	1.16		0.12 (<0.01)	0.25	0.30
10–18y	157	2.7	0.62 (0.05)	1.19	1.41		0.16 (0.01)	0.30	0.36
19–59y	1952	10.9	0.46 (0.02)	0.93	1.15		0.12 (<0.01)	0.24	0.29
60 + y	917	26.5	0.51 (0.02)	0.98	1.17		0.13 (0.01)	0.25	0.30
Intake from processed food and beverages and tabletop usage in beverages
Total (10 + y)	3218	12.1	0.50 (0.01)	1.00	1.19		0.12 (<0.01)	0.25	0.30
10–18y	188	3.2	0.61 (0.05)	1.13	1.41		0.14 (0.01)	0.29	0.34
19–59y	2089	11.6	0.47 (0.02)	0.98	1.16		0.11 (<0.01)	0.24	0.30
60 + y	941	27.2	0.52 (0.02)	0.99	1.24		0.13 (0.01)	0.25	0.30

Table 10. Estimated daily intake of steviol glycosides (mg kg-bw⁻¹ day⁻¹); Brazilian population

	Consumers		Scenario A (Brand loyal consumer)				Scenario B (General consumer)
	N	%	Mean (SE)	P90	P95		Mean (SE)	P90	P95
Intake from processed food and beverages
Total (10 + y)	69	0.3	0.63 (0.19)	1.58	1.83		0.12 (0.04)	0.51	0.69
10–18y^a	10	0.3	0.61 (0.23)	-	-		0.04 (0.02)	-	-
19–59y	38	0.2	0.53 (0.14)	1.27	1.58		0.15 (0.05)	0.63	1.03
60+ y^a	21	0.9	0.72 (0.43)	-	-		0.14 (0.07)	-	-
Intake from tabletop usage in beverages
Total (10 + y)	3026	11.4	0.89 (0.02)	1.83	2.15		0.05 (<0.01)	0.09	0.11
10–18y	157	2.7	1.16 (0.10)	2.20	2.61		0.06 (0.01)	0.11	0.13
19–59y	1952	10.9	0.84 (0.03)	1.72	2.13		0.04 (<0.01)	0.09	0.11
60 + y	917	26.5	0.94 (0.04)	1.82	2.17		0.05 (<0.01)	0.09	0.11
Intake from processed food and beverages and tabletop usage in beverages
Total (10 + y)	3071	11.6	0.89 (0.02)	1.83	2.17		0.05 (<0.01)	0.09	0.11
10–18y	167	2.9	1.11 (0.1)	2.09	2.60		0.06 (0.01)	0.11	0.13
19–59y	1979	11.0	0.84 (0.03)	1.72	2.14		0.05 (<0.01)	0.09	0.11
60 + y	925	27.0	0.95 (0.04)	1.83	2.18		0.05 (<0.01)	0.09	0.12

^aThe number of consumers is too small to reliably estimate the 90^th and 95^th percentiles of intake.

Table 11. Estimated daily intake of sucralose (mg kg-bw⁻¹ day⁻¹); Brazilian population

	Consumers		Scenario A (Brand loyal consumer)				Scenario B (General consumer)
	N	%	Mean (SE)	P90	P95		Mean (SE)	P90	P95
Intake from processed food and beverages
Total (10 + y)	525	2.2	0.89 (0.05)	1.49	2.02		0.14 (0.05)	0.20	0.52
10–18y	76	1.7	1.30 (0.28)	2.11	2.19		0.40 (0.28)	0.43	1.13
19–59y	369	2.2	0.85 (0.04)	1.50	2.02		0.08 (0.02)	0.10	0.27
60 + y	80	2.6	0.63 (0.05)	1.21	1.40		0.12 (0.06)	0.52	0.52
Intake from tabletop usage in beverages
Total (10 + y)	3026	11.4	0.27 (0.01)	0.55	0.65		0.04 (<0.01)	0.08	0.10
10–18y	157	2.7	0.35 (0.03)	0.66	0.78		0.05 (<0.01)	0.10	0.12
19–59y	1952	10.9	0.25 (0.01)	0.52	0.64		0.04 (<0.01)	0.08	0.10
60 + y	917	26.5	0.28 (0.01)	0.55	0.65		0.04 (<0.01)	0.08	0.10
Intake from processed food and beverages and tabletop usage in beverages
Total (10 + y)	3378	12.8	0.39 (0.01)	0.80	1.13		0.06 (0.01)	0.09	0.12
10–18y	223	4.2	0.77 (0.12)	1.32	1.68		0.20 (0.12)	0.14	0.28
19–59y	2202	12.2	0.38 (0.01)	0.81	1.17		0.05 (<0.01)	0.09	0.11
60 + y	953	27.7	0.33 (0.01)	0.65	0.80		0.05 (0.01)	0.09	0.13

Figure 1. Estimated Daily Intake of Acesulfame Potassium as % of ADI; Brazil Population

Figure 2. Estimated Daily Intake of Aspartame as % of ADI; Brazil Population

Figure 3. Estimated Daily Intake of Cyclamate as % of ADI; Brazil Population

Figure 4. Estimated Daily Intake of Saccharin as % of ADI; Brazil Population

Figure 5. Estimated Daily Intake of Steviol Glycosides as % of ADI; Brazil Population

Figure 6. Estimated Daily Intake of Sucralose as % of ADI; Brazil Population

Table 12. Estimated daily intake of LNCS from combined processed foods/beverages and tabletop sources (mg kg-bw⁻¹ day⁻¹); Brazilian consumers of both processed foods/beverages and tabletop sweeteners (10 + y)

				Scenario A				Scenario B
		Consumers		(Brand loyal consumer)				(General consumer)
	ADI (mg kg-bw^−1 day^−1)	N	%	Mean (SE)	P90	P95		Mean (SE)	P90	P95
Intake from processed food and beverages and tabletop usage in beverages
Acesulfame Potassium	15	176	8.4	0.98 (0.08)	1.83	2.10		0.14 (0.02)	0.26	0.43
Aspartame	40	158	8.0	2.52 (0.23)	4.77	5.05		0.20 (0.02)	0.40	0.66
Cyclamate	11	154	7.0	3.85 (0.31)	7.22	9.29		0.41 (0.03)	0.72	0.9
Saccharin	5	76	4.1	0.91 (0.10)	1.74	2.11		0.15 (0.02)	0.31	0.32
Steviol Glycosides^a	4	24	0.1	2.13 (0.47)	-	-		0.26 (0.08)	-	-
Sucralose	15	173	8.1	1.04 (0.07)	1.85	2.16		0.08 (0.01)	0.13	0.20

^aThe number of consumers is too small to reliably estimate the 90^th and 95^th percentiles of intake.

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