The effect of onion and garlic on non-polar heterocyclic aromatic amines (α-, β-, γ- and δ-carbolines) formation in pan-fried meat and gravy

ABSTRACT

Thermal treatment of protein-rich food can lead to the formation of biologically active heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs). One of the methods to learn how to reduce the content as well as the influence of these compounds on heath is the study of factors inhibiting their synthesis. In the current investigation, the effect of onion and garlic on the formation of six possibly carcinogenic non-polar HAAs (α-, γ- and δ-carbolines) and two co-mutagenic β-carbolines (harmane and norharmane) was evaluated by comparing their contents in meat and gravy samples obtained from pan-fried pork dishes prepared in the presence and absence of these vegetables. Carbolines were isolated from food samples by solid phase extraction. The quantitative analysis was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The concentrations of individual compounds in dishes prepared without added vegetables ranged from 0.02 ng g⁻¹ (3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5 H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole; Trp-P-1) to 10.1 ng g⁻¹ of meat (2-amino-9 H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole; AαC). Onion (30 g/100 g of meat) and garlic (15 g/100 g of meat) lowered the total content (in meat and gravy) of the α-, δ- and γ-carbolines in the range from 52% to 87%. In contrast, onion caused an increase in the norharmane concentration both in meat and gravy. The percentage of carbolines in the gravies (assuming that their total content in meat and gravy is 100%) was higher in dishes prepared with onion and garlic than in dishes without these seasonings.

Graphical Abstract

KEYWORDS:

• Food analysis
• non-polar heterocyclic amines
• carbolines
• harmane
• onion
• garlic
• HPLC-FLD

Supplemental data

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed on the publisher’s website.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the research grant [PCN-1-033/K/00] from the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland.