Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Experiences of Social Inclusion Scale

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics for the ten items of the Experiences of Social Inclusion Scale (ESIS).

ESIS item	n	Missing (%)	M	SD	Mdn	Min	Max
01 I feel that what I do every day is significant	832	15 (1.77)	3.73698	0.96144	4	1	5
02 I get positive feedback on what I do	830	17 (2.01)	3.83482	0.88133	4	1	5
03 I belong to a group or community that is important for me	827	20 (2.34)	3.78907	1.00443	4	1	5
04 Other people need me	830	17 (2.01)	3.77128	0.96162	4	1	5
05 I can influence the course of my life	836	11 (1.30)	3.87675	0.96309	4	1	5
06 I feel that my life has purpose	825	22 (2.60)	3.74333	1.09134	4	1	5
07 I can strive for things that are important for me	825	22 (2.60)	3.66201	1.00514	4	1	5
08 I get help when I really need it	833	14 (1.65)	3.74968	1.03236	4	1	5
09 I feel trusted	831	16 (1.89)	3.94155	0.86294	4	1	5
10 I can influence some things in my living environment	829	18 (2.13)	3.69377	0.86727	4	1	5

Note: M, SD, Mdn, Min, and Max were calculated only for participants with no missing values in any of the items (n = 787).

Table 2. Item-total correlations and Cronbach’s alpha if items deleted for the Experiences of Social Inclusion Scale (ESIS).

ESIS item	Correlation with total	Alpha after deleting the item
01	0.661	0.875
02	0.598	0.879
03	0.625	0.878
04	0.683	0.873
05	0.616	0.878
06	0.692	0.873
07	0.701	0.872
08	0.539	0.884
09	0.609	0.879
10	0.521	0.885

Table 3. Spearman rank correlations between the items of the Experiences of Social Inclusion Scale (ESIS).

Item	01	02	03	04	05	06	07	08	09	10
01	–
02	0.572***	–
03	0.525***	0.482***	–
04	0.579***	0.447***	0.579***	–
05	0.446***	0.353***	0.339***	0.418***	–
06	0.540***	0.375***	0.482***	0.588***	0.546***	–
07	0.493***	0.420***	0.443***	0.496***	0.582***	0.644***	–
08	0.358***	0.370***	0.369***	0.369***	0.429***	0.365***	0.492***	–
09	0.438***	0.438***	0.401***	0.534***	0.406***	0.473***	0.458***	0.490***	–
10	0.368***	0.335***	0.353***	0.396***	0.400***	0.407***	0.482***	0.376***	0.417***	–

*p < .05.

**p < .01.

***p < .001.

Figure 1. Scree plot of eigenvalues of the extracted factors in the EFA.

Table 4. Factor loadings of the ten items of the ESIS.

	EFA, subsample 1 (n = 393)	CFA, subsample 2 (n = 394)
ESIS item	Factor 1	Factor 1
01	0.683	0.726
02	0.591	0.670
03	0.677	0.647
04	0.677	0.773
05	0.618	0.690
06	0.785	0.712
07	0.739	0.757
08	0.526	0.599
09	0.601	0.669
10	0.510	0.575

Note: Factor loadings above .3 (EFA) and standardised factor loadings above .5 (CFA) are in bold.

Figure 2. Histogram and kernel density plot of the sum score of the ESIS.

Table 5. Mean scores on the Experiences of Social Inclusion Scale (ESIS) by gender, age group and experiences of poverty.

	n	M	SD	LCL (95%)	UCL (95%)
Gender
Male	356	68.79	16.47	67.07	70.50
Female	417	70.20	17.51	68.51	71.88
Difference: p = 0.251^a
Age
18–29	255	66.58	16.52	64.54	68.62
30–39	144	67.62	18.36	64.60	70.65
40–49	112	71.47	15.91	68.49	74.45
50–59	150	71.62	17.54	68.79	74.45
60–69	61	73.32	16.03	69.21	77.43
70+	15	73.00	12.68	65.98	80.02
Difference: p = 0.005^b
Experiences of poverty
No	380	72.58	16.12	70.95	74.20
Yes	373	65.97	17.36	64.20	67.73
Difference: p < 0.001^a

^a Student’s t-test.

^b One-way ANOVA.

Table 6. Pearson correlation coefficients between the Experiences of Social Inclusion Scale (ESIS) and instruments used for assessing convergent validity.

	EuroHIS-8	MHI-5	SPS-12	SOMS-7	WEMWBS	SRH	Loneliness
WHO EuroHIS-8	–
MHI-5	0.701***	–
SPS-12	0.448***	0.355***	–
SOMS-7	0.633***	0.602***	0.365***	–
WEMWBS	0.761***	0.753***	0.506***	0.661***	–
SRH	0.683***	0.492***	0.248***	0.471***	0.517***	–
Loneliness	−0.551***	−0.580***	−0.342***	−0.471***	−0.515***	−0.426***	–
ESIS	0.605***	0.540***	0.553***	0.559***	0.678***	0.409***	−0.427***

*p < .05.

**p < .01.

***p < .001

Table

	Strongly disagree	Somewhat disagree	Neither agree nor disagree	Somewhat agree	Completely agree
I feel that what I do every day is significant	□	□	□	□	□
I get positive feedback on what I do	□	□	□	□	□
I belong to a group or community that is important for me	□	□	□	□	□
Other people need me	□	□	□	□	□
I can influence the course of my life	□	□	□	□	□
I feel that my life has purpose	□	□	□	□	□
I can strive for things that are important for me	□	□	□	□	□
I get help when I really need it	□	□	□	□	□
I feel trusted	□	□	□	□	□
I can influence some things in my living environment	□	□	□	□	□

© Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 2019. All rights reserved.

The Experiences of Social Inclusion Scale can be used free of charge upon permission from the corresponding author.