Urban redevelopment and development relationship: a critical evaluation of Downtown Kingston redevelopment and the development of the Kingston metropolitan area of Jamaica

Figures & data

Table 1. Distribution of survey instrument to private business.

	Type of business
Location	Commercial	Financial and Admin.	Entertainment	Food	Number of questionnaire
King St.	2	2	1	2	7
Duke St.	3	1	2	1	7
Orange St.	1	1	1	1	4
Market District	2	3	1	1	7
Church St.	1	2	1	1	5
Total					30

Table 2. Distribution of survey instruments to professionals and agencies.

Agency and personnel	Number of questionnaire
National Environment and Planning Agency	2
Urban Development Corporation	2
Kingston Restoration Company Ltd.	1
Social Development Commission	2
Office of the Prime Minister	1
Directors of Planning (Local Authorities)	6
Private Consultants	2
Academics	2
Community Leaders	2
Total	20

Table 3. Building inventory survey distribution.

Location	Number of questionnaire
King St.	24
Orange St.	16
Duke St.	21
Beechon St.	9
Pechon St.	20
North Ave.	20
Elleston Rd.	7
South Camp Rd.	13
Port Royal St.	11
Church St.	7
Barry St.	6
West Queen St.	16
East Queen St.	5
Darling St.	14
Sutton St.	11
Total	200

Figure 1. The Island of Jamaica showing its parishes and capitals (top), regional location (bottom left) and Kingston and the harbour (bottom right). The KMA is the area shaded as Kingston (bottom right), while the Kingston metropolitan region (KMR) includes all of Kingston, Spanish Town and Portmore. Source: Leslie (2010).

Figure 2. The spatial association between the Kingston metropolitan region (KMR), the Kingston metropolitan area (KMA) and the Downtown Kingston central business district (DTK–CBD). Source: Base map from Google Earth and overlay by research

Figure 3. The gridiron plan of Downtown Kingston and the Downtown central business district.

Figure 4. The expansion of the original gridiron (compare Figures 3 and 5) of the 1700s to 1897 plan. Source: T. Harrison.

Figure 5. The Kingston CBD gridiron 1702. Source: Clarke 2006)

Figure 6. 1991 and 2002 Comparative growth of Kingston metropolitan region. Source: WB (2011).

Figure 7. Distribution of population per urban centre (2011 figures). The shape of the parabola adheres to the Rank Size Rule of urban primacy.

Figure 8. The multiple urban nodes of the KMA and DKT-CBD.

Figure 9. Distribution of the central government grant to regions 2010 to 2013. Source: Ministry of Finance and Planning.

Figure 10. Regional land area supported by each urban centre. Source: STATIN (2012).

Figure 11. National distribution of squatter settlements and their relationship to natural hazard vulnerability.

Table 4. Major urban redevelopment efforts in Downtown Kingston.

Project	Responsible agency and plan focus	App. cost	Time	Area of impact
Downtown Kingston Redevelopment Project	Mayor and council of Kingston, Parochial Board of St. Andrew and Kingston General Commission Focus – Physical	JMD1.6million	1907	King St., Harbour St., CBD and entire commercial spread of Downtown Kingston
KMA – Development Order	KSAC, Ministry of Local Government Focus – Development Control		1966	CBD and other parts of modern Kingston and St. Andrew
Kingston Waterfront Redevelopment Project	KWRC, Shankland Cox and Associates, UDC Focus – Physical	JMD48million	1966–1970s	1½ miles x ½ mile wide. Along Kingston Harbour from Pechon St. in West to Paradise St., east North of Harbour St and along lower King St. up to the Park
Inner-City Kingston Development Project	KRC, UDC, DKMA, JSIF, SDC and NCDA Focus – Physical and socio-economic, community development	USD18million	1986–1996 2001–2006 Ongoing	100 Block area South: Port Royal St. North: imaginary line running on block north of Parade, East: South Camp Rd. West: Darling St. and inclusive of the King St. CBD, selected communities
VISION 2020 Plan	KRC, UDC, TPD, KSAC, TCPA, OPM-ICRP Focus – Comprehensive	JMD300million	1994 to 2014	300Block, Harbour St. in the South to North Ave and Sabina Park in North, Pechon St. eastwards to Upper Elleston Road.
Tax Incentive Programme	KWRC, KRC, DKMD Focus – economic and physical	JMD 14million	1995 to 2005	Kingston (CBD mainly) – original gridiron area
KMA Sustainable Development Plan (Draft)	KSAC, KSAC-PDC, NEPA, SDC and Ministry of Local Government Focus – Comprehensive	–	2001 to 2025	Port Expansion (Kingston Wharves), Corporate Headquarters for Multinationals, Transportation Centre and Regional Market District

Source: Secondary research.

Leslie G. 2010. Confronting the Don: the political economy of gang violence in Jamaica. Geneva: Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies.

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Clarke CG. 2006. Kingston, Jamaica: urban development and social change, 1962–2002. 3rd ed. Kingston: Ian Randle.

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[WB] World Bank. 2011. Jamaica Country economic memorandum: unlocking growth. Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit, Caribbean Countries Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region. Report No. 60374-JM

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STATIN. 2012. Population and Housing Census 2011 Jamaica. General report Volume I. Kingston: STATIN.

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