Sustainable urban features and their relation with environmental satisfaction in commercial public space: an example of the Great Bazaar of Tabriz, Iran

Figures & data

Figure 13. Functional Zoning/Spatial configuration analysis of Tabriz Great Bazaar, Source before rendering: (Edgu et al. 2012).

Figure 28. Functional and specific classification of the GBT.

Figure 1. Sub-dimensions of environmental satisfaction (Dillon and Vischer 1987).

Figure 2. Sub-dimensions of public satisfaction and features (Bodin Danielsson 2010).

Figure 3. Dimensions of sustainable development (CST, 1997; Brodman and Spillmann 2000).

Figure 4. Four dimensions of sustainability according to the Melbourne principles of the 2002 Earth Summit (UNEP 2002).

Figure 5. Culture and sustainable development: three models (Dessein et al. 2015).

Table 1. Paired samples statistics.

		Mean	N	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean
Pair 1	Satisfaction	4.3380	429	.47358	.02286
	Economic benefits	4.9347	429	.24729	.01194
Pair 2	Satisfaction	4.3380	429	.47358	.02286
	Increasing number of customers	3.7203	429	.68090	.03287
Pair 3	Satisfaction	4.3380	429	.47358	.02286
	Variety of economic activities	3.7669	429	.98433	.04752
Pair 4	Satisfaction	4.3380	429	.47358	.02286
	Belonging sense of environment	4.5664	429	.79918	.03858
Pair 5	Satisfaction	4.3380	429	.47358	.02286
	Friendly atmosphere	4.3287	429	.81839	.03951
Pair 6	Satisfaction	4.3380	429	.47358	.02286
	Security	4.5828	429	.64183	.03099
Pair 7	Satisfaction	4.3380	429	.47358	.02286
	Reliability	4.5221	429	.59010	.02849
Pair 8	Satisfaction	4.3380	429	.47358	.02286
	Participation in celebrations inside the Bazaar complex	3.5571	429	.75481	.03644
Pair 9	Satisfaction	4.3380	429	.47358	.02286
	Accessibility and permeability	4.5221	429	.78693	.03799
Pair 10	Satisfaction	4.3380	429	.47358	.02286
	Walkability	4.4872	429	.66484	.03210
Pair 11	Satisfaction	4.3380	429	.47358	.02286
	Healthy space	4.4079	429	.49202	.02376
Pair 12	Satisfaction	4.3380	429	.47358	.02286
	Trade unions	2.7016	429	.57154	.02759

Figure 25. Classification of different variables of satisfaction into four pillars of sustainable development.

Figure 6. Location of bazaar Khan El-Khalili in Cairo, Egypt (Cairomap 2016).

Figure 7. Commercial functions of Istanbul grand bazaar in Turkey (Wohl 2015).

Figure 8. Research design chart.

Figure 9. Diagram representing the linkage between sustainable development and public satisfaction.

Table 2. A SWOT analysis of the GBT.

	Strength	Weakness	Opportunities	Threats
Natural Environment	Favorable climate in summers	Inappropriate trees for shading in open spaces	- Near to Meydan-River	- Lack of vitality after working times
Built Environment	The existence of adequate traditional buildings The existence of mixed-use buildings Durable structure Physical coherence The presence of guiding boards Natural lighting and ventilation Renovation of octal historic gates of the GBT	Narrow passageway market. Inappropriate Congestion and traffic of manual transportation Lack of adequate sanitary facilities Lack of appropriate furniture for resting tourists Inappropriate pavement Inappropriate organizing urban equipment such as water and electricity	Located in the Silk Road route Located in the city center Appropriate access to the whole city Walkability Proximity to the Public Transport Fleet Center Existing numerous parking lots around the GBT Adjacent to other tourist places The existence of open public spaces in the GBT as social nodes	Lack of green spaces in the GBT Unconventional construction of modern passages around the GBT and reducing its values The existence of heavy traffic outside the GBT The existence of air pollution outside the GBT The existence of noise pollution outside the GBT
Socio-Economic Environment	Variety of economic activities Classified land used & function The low price of goods A valuable handicraft center including carpets, leather, and shoes	The existence of some outdated goods such as coal and charcoal	The existence of police station Increasing the number of customers	National inflation in the economy
Socio-Cultural Environment	Historical, and vernacular texture Adequate restaurants & Café The existence of social and cultural cohesion A high level of cooperative participation Ritual ceremonies	Lack of infrastructure to expand the field of e-commerce sales	Recorded as part of international historical monuments Friendly atmosphere Reliability	A cultural distance between new and old textures Lack of public awareness about the value of the GBT
Socio-Politic Environment	Center of political protests Center of cultural carnivals (Newruz & Ashura)	Lack of appropriate information systems in the GBT to guide tourists Lack of specialist experts inside the market to guide tourists	A low level of participation of trade unions - Lack of ongoing maintenance organizations related to the quality of signs	International sanctions Inflexible regulation against foreigner women tourists Lack of advertising and information system in the relevant organizations to introduce the Tabriz 2018 for international tourists

Figure 10. The geographical location of the case study.

Figure 11. The spatial configuration of the Great Bazaar of Tabriz (Radoine 2013).

Figure 12. A Rasta in the Great Bazaar of Tabriz (UNESCO 2017).

Table 3. Elements and functions of the GBT.

Element	Count	Descriptions or functions
The Sara/xan	35	Large complexes with a spacious central courtyard surrounded by one- or two-story rows of rooms where goods are stored.
The Timcha	25	The Timchas are used for the storage and trading of expensive goods.
The Rasta/covered street	20	The basic elements of the Bazaar. They consist of a double row of shops aligned along an often-roofed linear path.
Intersection	152	The vaulted intersections of two perpendiculars Rasta.
Mosque	20	The place for praying
Dalan/Passage	11	The vaulted passage
School	9	The place for religious education
Hujreler/Store	5500	The place for accumulating stocks or selling the place

Figure 14. The schema of the spatial configuration of the Great Bazaar of Tabriz (Edgu et al. 2012).

Figure 15. Organizing buildings around a courtyard in the GBT (Pouya 2017).

Figure 16. Lined stalls in Haji-Sheykh Timchesi in the GBT (Ouria 2013).

Figure 17. Circular vents of short domes (Ouria 2013).

Figure 18. Organic air circulation caused by pressure and temperature differences. (Ouria 2013).

Figure 19. Vents in the GBT (Kalantari 2017).

Figure 20. Thermodynamic analysis of the dome (Ouria 2013).

Figure 21. Two axial vents of keen slopped domes (Ouria 2013).

Figure 22. Organic ventilation and lighting in the GBT (Moghaddam 2017).

Figure 23. Natural lighting and ventilation of Muzefferiye Timcha in the GBT (Angabini 2010).

Figure 24. Gathering dignities to denote for poor people in the central mosque of the bazaar (Gholami, 2012).

Figure 26. Mean percentage of satisfaction correlation each variable.

Figure 27. Distribution of satisfaction correlation with four dimensions of sustainability in the Tabriz Bazaar.

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