Advances and prospects of triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered system

Figures & data

Figure 1. Traditional types of electric power generation (right) and new types of electric power generation by nanogenerators (left) [1–4,6–12,15]

Figure 2. Working mechanism of the first flexible triboelectric nanogenerator [28]

Table 1. Application of triboelectric nanogenerators in in vitro detection and wearable devices

Authers(Year)	Friction layer materials	Electrode material	Output performance	Applications
Fan et al. (2012) [28]	PET-Kapton	Au	3.3 V, 0.6 μA, 10.4 mW/cm^3	The first triboelectric nanogenerator
Chen et al. (2020) [7]	Au-PDMS	Au	75.3 V, 7.4 μA, and 0.2 mW/cm^2	Blood oxygen monitor
Wang et al. (2016) [40]	TENG-tubes	TENG-tubes	145 V, 16  mA/m^2 (10 Hz), 250 μC/m^2	Kinetic energy collection
Deng et al. (2018) [41]	FPCB-poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)	Cu	1.8 V, 260 µA, 0.47 mW	Insole monitoring system
Liu et al. (2019) [42]	PVC	– -	5.09 V	Smart shoe
Song et al. (2020) [8]	Cu-PTFE	Cu	416 mW/m^2	Sweat analysis
Chen et al. (2017) [44]	Ag-PDMS	– -	1.5 Hz	Motion sensor
Dong et al. (2018) [45]	Ag	– -	230 mW/m^2	Intelligent prostheses,human–machine interfaces
He et al. (2018) [9]	Ag-FEP	– -	2.2 V	Removing PM2.5, killing bacteria, and monitoring breathing
Wang et al. (2019) [49]	ZnO-PET	Au	0.94 V	Non-implantable human health monitoring

Figure 3. First demonstrated flexible self-powered blood oxygen detect system based on triboelectric nanogenerator [7]

Figure 4. TENG used in smart shoes. (a) A completely flexible array of nanogenerators used to collect energy generated during walking [40]. (b) A real-time foot pressure monitoring insole based on the nanogenerator [41].(c) A laboratory model of self-powered intelligent footwear using a TENG/EMG hybrid strategy [42]

Figure 5. A self-powered sweat monitoring device. (a) Schematic illustration of the FTENG-powered wearable sweat sensor system. (b–c) Optical images of the wearable system. The scale bars are 4 cm. (d) The structural diagram of FTENG. (e) Schematic diagram of the sweat sensor patch contacted with the flexible circuitry. (f) Working logic diagram of the system [8]

Figure 6. Detection devices for tensile vibration signal based on TENG. (a) A self-powered stretchable transparent nanogenerator to monitor the signals of eye movements or sound vibrations [44]. (b) A multi-function stretchable, yarn-embedded electronic skin[45]

Figure 7. Applications of TENG in air purification and respiratory surveillance. (a) A self-powered respiration monitoring system based on Ag nanowires [9]. (b) A TENG used for respiratory detection which collected energy from airflow disturbances [49]

Figure 8. TENG-powered implantable devices in the body. TENG used to detect changes in lung (a), bladder (b, c), stomach (d), and joint surface [54,55,56,10]

Figure 9. TENGs used for environmental monitoring. (a) A Hg²⁺ monitoring sensor [59,60]. (b) A sensor monitoring the moving speed of bubbles [11]. (c) A triboelectric nanogenerator and electromagnetic generator mixed device to detect wind speed [61]. (d) Flame-retardant textile-based triboelectric nanogenerators for fire protection applications [12]

Figure 10. TENGs used for the collection of Marine energy. (a) A smooth rubber ball connected to several rubber balls to increase output efficiency[65]. (b) A sealed ball with spring multilayer structure to enhance the output performance by amplifying the wave vibration [64]. (c) A spring-assisted TENG with a silicone rubber segmented electrode structure [65]. (d) TENG inspired from bionic jellyfish. (e) A high-sensitivity wave sensor based on a liquid-solid interface triboelectric nanogenerator. (f) A triboelectric nanogenerator for collecting underwater ultrasonic energy [67–69]

Figure 11. Environmentally friendly triboelectric nanogenerator. (a) Natural biopolymer-based triboelectric nanogenerators [70]. (b) TENG using leaves as rubbing materials to capture wind energy [71]

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