Mechanical behavior of advanced nano-laminates embedded with carbon nanotubes – a review

Figures & data

Table 1. Physical characteristics of laminate hosts and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in nano-laminates

		Host composite materials	CNT characteristics
Ref.	Manufacture technique	Host laminate and lay-up	No of plies/thickness in mm (t ply thickness)	CNT type	Product. method	Functional group	Length (l) in μm and diameter (d) in nm	Location within nano-laminate
[1]	Autoclave	A: IM7/Ep UD B: AS4/Ep UD	24/3	MWNT	CVD	–	l = 60, 120, 150	CNTs in 12^th and 13^th plies
[2]	CM	PW T300/Ep	8/3.5	MWNT	CVD	–	l = 50	CNTs in 4^th or 5^th ply
[3]	A:VARTM B: IDVART	PW E-glass/Ep	8/4.4 (B) & 6.8 (A)	MWNT	CVD	–	l = 15	CNTs in resin
[4]	VARTM	?HSW Carbon/Ep	4/2 (t = 0.23 mm)	MWNT	–	–	d = 30–60, l = 3–10	CNTs in resin
[5]	Hand lay-up	?HSW Al./Ep AP	4/2.1	MWNT	CVD	–	l = 30	CNTs in resin
[6]	VARTM	IM7/Ep UD	8/1	SWNT	EAD	-COOH	l = 0.75, d = 2–6	CNTs in resin
[7]	Hand lay-up	PW T300/Ep	4/2	MWNT	CVD	–	–	CNTs on both sides of each ply
[8]	VARTM	PW IM7/Ep	4/1.2	SWNT, MWNT	CVD	-COOH	l = 2–6	CNTs on both sides of each ply
[9]	VARTM	PW E-glass/VE	10/5.7–6.0	SWNT	CVD	F, Br, Ally, Sila	d = 1.1	CNTs in 2 plies at the mid-plane
[10]	Autoclave	T700/Ep UD	8/2	CSCNT	CVD	–	d = 70–80	CNTs in resin
[11]	Autoclave	T700/Ep UD	36/4 (t = 0.12 mm)	CSCNT	CVD	–	d = 70–80	CNTs in resin & at 18^th–19^th ply interface
[12]	Autoclave	5HSW AS4/Ep	48/-	MWNT	CVD	–	A: l = 1, B: l = 10, both d = 20–50	CNTs in resin
[13]	VARTM	E-glass/Po QI	8/-	MWNT	–	-NH2	–	CNTs in resin
[14]	CM	PW E-glass/Ep	A, B, C and E: 6 plies D: 5 plies, (t = 0.16 mm)	MWNT	–	-COOH	A, D & E: d = 10–30, l = 5–15 B & C: d = 40–60, l = 1–2	A, B C and E: CNTs in resin C: additional CNTs at the mid-plane D: one CNT epoxy film at interfaces
[15]	Autoclave	T700/Ep UD & QI	16/2 & 36/4, 24/3 for QI	CSCNT	CVD	–	d = 70–80	CNTs in resin
[16]	RTM	E-glass/Ep UD & QI	4/- for QI	DWNT	–	-NH2	d = 2.8	CNTs in resin
[17]	VARTM	4HSW IM7/Ep	4/1	SWNT, MWNT	–	–	d = 10–30	CNTs in resin
[18]	CM	Basalt/Ep CP	4/0.5	MWNT	CVD	-COOH, PGE	d = 20–60, l = 5–15	CNTs in resin
[19]	Autoclave	Carbon/Ep UD	8/2–2.5	MWNT, DWNT	–	-NH2	A: d = 9.5 B: d = 8–9 C: d = 3.5	CNTs in resin
[20]	Hand lay-up	E-glass/Ep UD	-/0.5	MWNT	CVD	–	d = 10–20, l = 10–50	CNTs in resin
[21]	Autoclave	T700/Ep UD	A: 14/3.3–3.4, B: 16/3.8–4.0	MWNT	CVD	–	l = 10–20, A: d = 150, B: d = 80	CNTs at the mid-plane
[22]	CM	PW E-glass/PA6	10/2.5	MWNT	–	–	–	CNT on the surfaces and at interfaces
[23]	Autoclave	Carbon/Ep UD	16/-	MWNT	CVD	–	d = 10–15, l = 500	CNTs in resin
[24]	VARTM	E-glass/PVEE	A: 2/12.8	MWNT	–	PmPV-DOctOPV	l = 100	A: nano film at interface, B: CNTs in resin
[25]	CM	PW E-glass/Ep	8 plies (t = 0.28 mm)	MWNT	–	–	–	CNTs in resin
Notes: UD, CP, AP and QI denote unidirectional, crossply, angle-ply and quasi-isotropic lay-up, respectively. PW and xHSW denote plain and x harness satin weave, respectively. Al denotes alumina fibers. Ep, Po, VE, PA6 and PVEE denote epoxy, polyester vinyl ester, nylon 6 and poly-vinyl-ester-epoxy, respectively.
SWNT, DWNT, MWNT and CSCNT denote single-walled, double-walled, multi-walled and cup-stacked carbon nanotubes, respectively.
CVD and EAD denote chemical vapor deposition and electric arch discharge, respectively. CM denotes compression molding.

Table 2. Tension mechanical properties of (a) nano-laminates in the fiber direction and (b) UD nano-laminates in the transverse direction

Ref.	Tensile modulus (GPa)	Tensile strength in (MPa)	Test method
(a)
[8]	Baseline (CP): 67.5	Baseline (CP): 600	ASTM D3039
	Nano-laminate at 0.25 wt%: 70	Nano-laminate at 0.25 wt%: 580
[10]	Baseline (UD): 131	–	ASTM D3039
	Nano-laminate at 5 wt%:129
	Nano-laminate at 12 wt%: 131
[15]	Baseline (QI): 46.5	–	ASTM D3039
	Nano-laminate at 5 wt%: 47.9
	Nano-laminate at 10 wt%: 48.3
[16]	Baseline (QI): 25.5	–	DIN EN 52 7.1/2 Tension
	Nano-laminate at 0.1 wt%: 26.4
[17]	Baseline (CP): 60.2	–	ASTM D3039
	Nano-laminate at 0.3 wt%: 59.4 (P2),
	59.9 (P3)
[18]	Baseline (CP): 27.7	Baseline (CP): 585	ASTM D3039
	Nano-laminate at 0.2 wt% pristine CNT: 27.4	Nano-laminate at 0.2 wt% pristine CNT: 564
	Nano-laminate at 0.6 wt% pristine CNT: 28.5	Nano-laminate at 0.6 wt% pristine CNT: 504
	Nano-laminate at 0.2 wt% -COOH: 30.4	Nano-laminate at 0.2 wt% -COOH: 636
	Nano-laminate at 0.6 wt% -COOH: 36.4	Nano-laminate at 0.6 wt% -COOH: 628
	Nano-laminate at 0.2 wt% PGE-CNT: 29.9	Nano-laminate at 0.2 wt% PGE-CNT: 609
	Nano-laminate at 0.6 wt% PGE-CNT: 34.9	Nano-laminate at 0.6 wt% PGE-CNT: 615
[19]	Baseline (UD): 140	Baseline (UD): 1833	ASTM D3039
	A: Nano-laminates at 0.5 wt%: 140	A: Nano-laminates at 0.5 wt%: 1668
	B: Nano-laminates at 0.5 wt%: 136	B: Nano-laminates at 0.5 wt%: 1668
	C: Nano-laminates at 0.5 wt%: 144	C: Nano-laminates at 0.5 wt%: 1500
[20]	–	Baseline (UD): 844	Tension
		Nano-laminate at 0.3 wt%: 914
		Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 960
[23]	Baseline (UD): 122	–	Tension
	Nano-laminate at 0.1 wt%: 121
	Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 128
	Nano-laminate at 1 wt%: 129
Ref.	Tensile modulus (GPa)	Tensile strength (MPa)	Test method
(b)
[10]	Baseline (90^0): 8.61	Baseline (90^0): 51.2	ASTM D3039
	Nano-laminate at 5 wt%: 9.11	Nano-laminate at 5 wt%: 57.9
	Nano-laminate at 12 wt%: 9.08	Nano-laminate at 12 wt%: 55.1
[16]	Baseline (90^0): 12.3	–	DIN EN 527.1/2 Tension
	Nano-laminate at 0.1 wt%: 13.2
[19]	Baseline (90^0): 7.4	Baseline (90^0): 51	ASTM D3039
	A: Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 6.6	A: Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 54
	B: Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 7.3	B: Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 50
	C: Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 6.9	C: Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 54
	D: Nano-laminates at 0.5 wt%: 6.6	D: Nano-laminates at 0.5 wt%: 54
Note: P2 and P3 and denote panal 2 and panal 3 in [17], respectively.

Table 3. Compression mechanical properties of nano-laminates

Ref.	Compressive modulus (GPa)	Compressive strength(MPa)	Test method
[12]	–	Baseline (CP): 570	Northwestern University Compression Fixture
		CNT length = 1 μm
		Without dispersant: nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 680
		Without dispersant: nano-laminate at 1 wt%: 640
		With dispersant: nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 790
		With dispersant: nano-laminate at 1 wt%: 720
		CNT length = 10 μm
		Without dispersant: nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%:700
		Without dispersant: nano-laminate at 1 wt%: 700
		With dispersant: nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 780
		With dispersant: nano-laminate at 1 wt%: 710
[15]	Baseline (QI): 42.9	Baseline (QI): 488	NAL-NHC-II Compression Japan
	Nano-laminate at 5 wt%: 43.2	Nano-laminate at 5 wt%: 501
	Nano-laminate at 10 wt%: 45.1	Nano-laminate at 10 wt%: 539

Table 4. Flexure mechanical properties of nano-laminates

Ref.	Flexural modulus (GPa)	Flexural strength (MPa)	Test method
[4]	Baseline (CP): 63.0	Baseline (CP): 608	ASTM D790 L/t = 16
	Nano-laminate at 0.3 wt%: 66.1	Nano-laminate at 0.3 wt%: 626
[6]	Baseline (UD): 106	Baseline (UD): 1534	ASTM D790 L/t = 32
	Nano-laminate at 0.2 wt%: 106	Nano-laminate at 0.2 wt%: 1367
	Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 109	Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 1033
[15]	Baseline (for QI): 53.0	Baseline (for QI): 875	JIS K 7074* Flexure L/t = 27
	Nano-laminate at 5 wt%: 55.1	Nano-laminate at 5 wt%: 912
	Nano-laminate at 10 wt%: 55.8	Nano-laminate at 10 wt%: 888
[17]	Baseline (CP): 39.5	Baseline (CP): 627	ASTM D790 L/t = 25
	Nano-laminate at 0.3 wt%: 44.1 (P2), 42.8 (P3)	Nano-laminate at 0.3 wt%: 741 (P2), 682 (P3)
[22]	Baseline (CP): 2.4	Baseline (CP): 92	ASTM D790 L/t = 16
	Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 3.3	Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 125
	Nano-laminate at 1 wt%: 2.9	Nano-laminate at 1 wt%: 121
	Nano-laminate at 2 wt%: 2.7	Nano-laminate at 2 wt%: 106
	Nano-laminate at 4 wt%: 2.4	Nano-laminate at 4 wt%: 105
Note: * JIS denotes Japanese Industrial Standard.

Table 5. In-plane shear mechanical properties of nano-laminates

Ref.	In-plane shear modulus (GPa)	In-plane shear strength (MPa)	Test method
[19]	Baseline (UD): 12	Baseline (UD): 180	45° off-axis tension
	A: Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 10.2	A: Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 175
	B: Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 10	B: Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 200
	C: Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 10.5	C: Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%:155

Table 6. Interlaminar shear mechanical properties of nano-laminates

Ref.	ILS modulus (GPa)	ILS strength (MPa)	Test method
[2]	Baseline: 4.5	Baseline (CP): 25.0	ASTM D5379 Iosipescu
	Nano-laminate at 0.2 wt%: 8.4	Nano-laminate at 0.2 wt%: 25.6
[3]	–	Baseline (CP) for SBS: 32.5	ASTM D2344 SBS L/t = 4 and CST
		Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 33.5
		Nano-laminate at 1 wt%: 38.4
		Baseline (CP) for CST: 25.4
		Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 27.9
		Nano-laminate at 1 wt%: 30.7
		Nano-laminate at 2 wt%: 33.8
[5]	–	Baseline (AP): 20.1	ASTM D2344 SBS L/t = 4
		Nano-laminate at 2 wt%: 33.8
[6]	–	Baseline (UD): 48.5	ASTM D3846 DNC
		Nano-laminate at 0.2 wt%: 58.3
		Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 66.8
[8]	–	Baseline (CP): 39	ASTM D2344 SBS L/t = 4
		Nano-laminate at 0.25 wt%: 49
[9]	–	Baseline (CP): 30.7	ASTM D2344 SBS L/t = 5
		Nano-laminate at 0.1 wt% SWNT: 39.2
		Nano-laminate at 0.2 wt% SWNT: 33.3
		Nano-laminate at 0.1 wt% F-SWNT: 29.2
		Nano-laminate at 0.1 wt% Br-SWNT: 37.5
		Nano-laminate at 0.1 wt% All-SWNT: 35.8
		Nano-laminate at 0.1 wt% Sil-SWNT: 35.8
[12]	–	Baseline (CP): 57.3	ASTM D2344 SBS L/t = 4
		CNT length = 1 μm
		Without dispersant: nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 63.6
		Without dispersant: nano-laminate at 1 wt%: 60.7
		With dispersant: nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 65.9
		With dispersant: nano-laminate at 1 wt%: 64.2
		CNT length = 10 μm
		Without dispersant: nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 63.6
		Without dispersant: nano-laminate at 1 wt%: 60.7
		With dispersant: nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 64.7
		With dispersant: nano-laminate at 1 wt%: 64.7
[13]	–	Baseline (QI): 25.7	ASTM D2344 SBS L/t = 5
		Nano-laminate at 0.1 wt%: 28.6
[14]	–	Baseline for A, B, C and E: 24.5	ASTM D2344 SBS L/t = 5
		A: Nano-laminate at 3 wt%: 24.7
		B: Nano-laminate at 3 wt%: 25.8
		C: Nano-laminate at 12 wt%: 21.2
		E: Nano-laminate at 3 wt%: 26.5
		Baseline for D: 21.4
		D: Nano-laminate at 40 wt%: 18.9
[16]	–	Baseline (for QI): 31.8	ASTM D2344 SBS L/t = 5
		Nano-laminate at 0.1 wt%: 36.8
		Nano-laminate at 0.3 wt%: 38.1
[19]	–	Baseline (UD): 66	ASTM D2344 SBS L/t =  -
		A: Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 60
		B: Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 52
		C: Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 49
		D: Nano-laminates at 0.5 wt%: 70

Table 7. Mode I and mode II fracture toughness properties of nano-laminates

Ref.	Mode I G Ic (kJ/m^2)	Test method	Mode II G IIc (kJ/m^2)	Test method
[1]	Baseline (A in UD): 0.21	ASTM	Baseline (B in UD): 0.35	4ENF
	Nano-laminate C (60 μm) at 0.4 wt%: 0.53	D5528	Nano-laminate D (120 μm) at 0.1 wt%: 1.1
	Baseline (B in UD): 0.21	DCB
	Nano-laminate E (150 μm) at 1 wt%: 0.34
[7]	Baseline (CP): 0.443	ASTM	–	–
	Nano-laminate (with unknown wt%): 0.645	D5528 DCB
[11]	Baseline (A in UD): 0.086		Baseline (A in UD): 0.568
	B: Nano-laminate at 5 wt%: 0.17	ASTM	B: Nano-laminate at 5 wt%: 0.732
	C: Nano-laminate at 5 wt%: 0.148	D5528	C: Nano-laminate at 5 wt%: 0.816	ENF
	D: Nano-laminate at 5 wt%: 0.227	DCB	D: Nano-laminate at 5 wt%: 1.753
	E: Nano-laminate at 5 wt%: 0.19		E: Nano-laminate at 5 wt%: 1.091
	F: Nano-laminate at 5 wt%: 0.161		F: Nano-laminate at 5 wt%: 0.751
[13]	Baseline (QI): 0.613	ASTM	Baseline (QI): 0.68
	Nano-laminate at 0.1 wt%: 0.488	D5528 DCB	Nano-laminate at 0.1 wt%: 0.75	ENF
[15]	Baseline (for UD): 0.09	ASTM	Baseline (for UD): 0.61
	Nano-laminate at 5 wt%: 0.17	D5528 DCB	Nano-laminate at 5 wt%: 0.79	ENF
[16]	Baseline (QI): 0.65	ASTM	–	–
	Nano-laminate at 0.1 wt%: 0.77	D5045
	Nano-laminate at 0.3 wt%: 0.92	CT
[19]	Baseline (UD): 0.38		–	–
	A: Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 0.45	ASTM
	B: Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 0.48	D5528
	C: Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 0.59	DCB
	D: Nano-laminates at 0.5 wt%: 0.70
[21]	Baseline (UD with carbon fiber): 0.53		Baseline (UD with carbon fiber): 0.13
	Nano-laminate at 12 vol. %: 0.51		Nano-laminate at 12 vol. %: 0.19
	Nano-laminate at 7 vol. %: 0.65		Nano-laminate at 7 vol. %: 0.19
	Nano-laminate at 9 vol. %: 0.50	DCB	Nano-laminate at 9 vol. %: 0.12	ENF
			Baseline (UD with nano fiber): 0.13
			Nano-laminate at 12 vol. %: 0.17
			Nano-laminate at 11 vol. %: 0.28
			Nano-laminate at 12 vol. %: 0.25
[23]	Baseline (UD): 0.31	ASTM	Baseline (UD): 0.70
	Nano-laminate at 0.1 wt%: 0.30	D5528	Nano-laminate at 0.1 wt%: 0.65	ENF
	Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 0.46	DCB	Nano-laminate at 0.5 wt%: 1.00
	Nano-laminate at 1 wt%: 0.53		Nano-laminate at 1 wt%: 0.95

Figure 1. Tensile modulus results of nano-laminates with carbon/epoxy laminate hosts with various lay-ups [8,10,15].

Figure 2. Tensile modulus results of nano-laminates with E-glass/epoxy fabric laminate hosts [16].

Figure 3. Tensile strength results of nano-laminates with carbon/epoxy laminate host [15] and quasi-isotropic E-glass/epoxy laminate host [16].

Figure 4. Transverse tensile modulus results of UD nano-laminates with carbon/epoxy hosts [10,19] with various diameters of CNTs, and quasi-isotropic E-glass/epoxy host [16].

Figure 5. Transverse tensile strength results of nano-laminates with carbon/epoxy hosts [10,19] with various diameters of CNTs.

Figure 6. In-plane compression modulus results of nano-laminates with quasi-isotropic carbon/epoxy laminate host [15].

Figure 7. In-plane compression strength results of nano-laminates with carbon/epoxy laminate host with various CNT and processing conditions [12].

Figure 8. In-plane compression strength results of nano-laminates with quasi-isotropic carbon/epoxy laminate host [15].

Figure 9. Flexural modulus results of nano-laminates with various carbon/epoxy laminate hosts [4,6,15].

Figure 10. Flexural strength results of nano-laminates with various carbon/epoxy laminate hosts [4,6,15].

Figure 11. In-plane shear strength results of nano-laminates with carbon/epoxy laminate host [19].

Figure 12. ILSS results of nano-laminates with carbon/epoxy laminate hosts with various lay-ups tested by various test methods [2,6,8].

Figure 13. ILSS results of nano-laminates with carbon/epoxy laminate host with various CNT and processing conditions [12].

Figure 14. ILSS results of nano-laminates with E-glass/epoxy laminate host with various CNT and processing conditions [14].

Figure 15. ILSS results of nano-laminates with quasi-isotropic E-glass/polyester [13] and E-glass/epoxy [16] laminate hosts.

Figure 16. ILSS results of nano-laminates with E-glass/epoxy laminate host tested with two different methods [3].

Figure 17. ILSS results of nano-laminates with E-glass/vinyl ester laminate host with CNTs with various functional groups [9].

Figure 18. Mode I fracture toughness (G _Ic) results of nano-laminates with carbon/epoxy laminate host with two CNT lengths [1].

Figure 19. Mode I fracture toughness (G _Ic) results of nano-laminates with carbon/epoxy laminate hosts with various processing conditions [11,15].

Figure 20. Mode I fracture toughness (G _Ic) results of nano-laminates with E-glass/polyester [13] and E-glass/epoxy [16] laminate hosts.

Figure 21. Mode I fracture toughness (G _Ic) results of nano-laminates with UD carbon/epoxy laminate hosts [19] with various diameters of CNTs [23].

Figure 22. Mode II fracture toughness (G _IIc) results of nano-laminates with carbon/epoxy [1,23], E-glass/polyester [13] and E-glass/epoxy [15] laminate hosts.

Figure 23. Mode II fracture toughness (G _IIc) results of nano-laminates with UD carbon/epoxy laminate host with various CNT aspect ratios and processing conditions [11].

Garcia , E.J. , Wardle , B.L. and Hart , A.J. 2008 . Joining prepreg composite interfaces with aligned carbon nanotubes . Compos. Appl. Sci. Manuf. , 39 : 1065 – 1070 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Abot , J.L. , Song , Y. , Schulz , M.J. and Shanov , V.N. 2008 . Novel carbon nanotube array-reinforced laminated composite materials with higher interlaminar elastic properties . Compos. Sci. Tech. , 68 : 2755 – 2760 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Fan , Z.H. , Santare , M.H. and Advani , S.G. 2008 . Interlaminar shear strength of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites enhanced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes . Compos. Appl. Sci. Manuf. , 39 : 540 – 554 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhou , Y.X. , Pervin , F. , Lewis , L. and Jeelani , S. 2008 . Fabrication and characterization of carbon/epoxy composites mixed with multi-walled carbon nanotubes . Mater. Sci. Eng. A , 475 : 157 – 165 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Garcia , E.J. , Wardle , B.L. , Hart , A.J. and Yamamoto , N. 2008 . Fabrication and multifunctional properties of a hybrid laminate with aligned carbon nanotubes grown in-situ . Compos. Sci. Tech. , 68 : 2034 – 2041 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Bekyarova , E. , Thostenson , E.T. , Yu , A. , Itkis , M.E. , Fakhrutdinov , D. , Chou , T.W. and Haddon , R.C. 2007 . Functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes for carbon fiber-epoxy composites . J. Phys. Chem. C , 111 : 17865 – 17871 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kepple , K.L. , Sanborn , G.P. , Lacasse , P.A. , Gruenberg , K.M. and Ready , W.J. 2008 . Improved fracture toughness of carbon fiber composite functionalized with multi walled carbon nanotubes . Carbon , 46 : 2026 – 2033 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Bekyarova , E. , Thostenson , E.T. , Yu , A. , Kim , H. , Gao , J. , Tang , J. , Hahn , H.T. , Chou , T.W. , Itkis , M.E. and Haddon , R.C. 2007 . Multiscale carbon nanotube-carbon fiber reinforcement for advanced epoxy composites . Langmuir , 23 : 3970 – 3974 .

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhu , J. , Imam , A. , Crane , R. , Lozao , K. , Khabashesku , V.N. and Barrera , E.V. 2006 . Processing a glass fiber reinforced vinyl ester composite with nanotube enhancement of interlaminar shear strength . Compos. Sci. Tech. , 67 : 1509 – 1517 .

 Google Scholar

Yokozeki , T. , Iwahori , Y. and Ishiwata , S. 2007 . Matrix cracking behaviors in carbon fiber/epoxy laminates filled with cup-stacked carbon nanotubes (CSCNTs) . Compos. Appl. Sci. Manuf. , 38 : 917 – 924 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Yokozeki , T. , Iwahori , Y. , Ishibashi , M. , Yanagisawa , T. , Imai , K. , Arai , M. , Takahashi , T. and Enomoto , K. 2009 . Fracture toughness improvement of CFRP laminates by dispersion of cup-stacked carbon nanotubes . Compos. Sci. Tech. , 69 : 2268 – 2273 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Cho , J. , Daniel , I.M. and Dikin , D.A. 2008 . Effects of block copolymer dispersant and nanotube length on reinforcement of carbon/epoxy composites . Compos. Appl. Sci. Manuf. , 39 : 1844 – 1850 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Seyhan , A.T. , Tanoglu , M. and Schulte , K. 2008 . Mode I and Mode II fracture toughness of E-glass non-crimp fabric/carbon nanotube (CNT) modified polymer based composites . Eng. Fract. Mech. , 75 : 5151 – 5162 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Sun , L.L. , Zhao , Y. , Duan , Y.X. and Zhang , Z.G. 2008 . Interlaminar shear property of modified glass fiber-reinforced polymer with different MWCNTs . Chin. J. Aeronaut. , 21 : 361 – 369 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Yokozeki , T. , Iwahori , Y. , Ishiwata , S. and Eomoto , K. 2007 . Mechanical properties of CFRP laminates manufactured from unidirectional prepregs using CSCNT-dispersed epoxy . Compos. Appl. Sci. Manuf. , 38 : 2121 – 2130 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Gojny , F.H. , Malte , H.G. , Wichmann , M.H.G. , Fiedler , B. , Bauhofer , W. and Schulte , K. 2005 . Influence of nano-modification on the mechanical and electrical properties of conventional fibre-reinforced composites . Compos. Appl. Sci. Manuf. , 36 : 1525 – 1535 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kim , M. , Park , Y.B. , Okoli , O.I. and Zhang , C. 2009 . Processing, characterization, and modelling of carbon nanotube-reinforced multiscale composites . Compos. Sci. Tech. , 69 : 335 – 342 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Chen , W. , Shen , H. , Auad , M.L. , Huang , C.Z. and Nutt , S. 2009 . Basalt fibre-epoxy laminates with functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes . Compos. Appl. Sci. Manuf. , 40 : 1082 – 1089 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Godara , A. , Mezzo , L. , Luizi , F. , Warrier , A. , Lomov , S.V. , Vuure , A.W.V , Gorbatikh , L. , Moldenaers , P. and Verpoest , I. 2009 . Influence of carbon nanotube reinforcement on the processing and the mechanical behaviour of carbon fiber/epoxy composites . Carbon , 47 : 2914 – 2923 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Siddiqui , N.A. , Sham , M.L. , Tang , B.Z. , Munir , A. and Kim , J.K. 2009 . Tensile strength of glass fires with carbon nanotube-epoxy nanocomposite coating . Compos. Appl. Sci. Manuf. , 40 : 1606 – 1614 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Arai , M. , Noro , Y. , Sugimoto , K.I. and Endo , M. 2008 . Mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of CFRP laminates toughened by carbon nanofiber interlayer . Compos. Sci. Tech. , 68 : 516 – 525 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Shen , Z.Q. , Bateman , S. , Wu , D.Y. , McMahon , P. , Olio , M.D. and Gotama , J. 2009 . The effects of carbon nanotubes on mechanical and thermal properties of woven glass fibre reinforced polyamide-6 nanocomposites . Compos. Sci. Tech. , 69 : 239 – 244 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Karapappas , P. , Vavouliotis , A. , Tsotra , P. , Kostopoulos , W. and Paipetis , A. 2009 . Enhanced fracture properties of carbon reinforced composites by the addition of multi-wall carbon nanotubes . J. Compos. Mater. , 43 : 977 – 985 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Grujicic , M. , Bell , W.C. , Thompson , L.L. , Koudela , K.L. and Cheeseman , B.A. 2008 . Ballistic-protection performance of carbon-nanotube-doped poly-vinyl-ester-epoxy matrix composite armor reinforced with E-glass fiber mats . Mater. Sci. Eng. A , 479 : 10 – 22 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Grimmer , C.S. and Dharan , C.K.H. 2008 . High-cycle fatigue of hybrid carbon nanotube/glass fiber/polymer composites . J. Mater. Sci. , 43 : 4487 – 4492 .

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar