Remote sensing based hazard assessment of glacial lakes: a case study in Zanskar basin, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Figures & data

Table 1. List of some of the recorded major glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) events in the Himalayan region. (Source: Richardson and Quincey 2009 and Bajracharya et al. 2006.)

Serial number	Year	Lake	River basin/area	Country affected	Cause of GLOF
1	September 1964	Gelhaipuco	PumQu/Arun	China and Nepal	Glacier surge
2	September 1977	Nare	Dudh Koshi	Nepal	Moraine collapse
3	June 1980	Nagma Pokhari	Tamor	Nepal	Moraine collapse
4	July 1981	Zhangzangbo	Boqu/Sun Koshi	China and Nepal	Glacier surge
5	August 1985	Dig Tsho	Dudh Koshi	Nepal	Ice avalanche
6	October 1994	Lugge-Tsho	Pho Chu	Bhutan	Moraine collapse
7	September 1998	Sabai Tsho	Khumbu Himal	Nepal	Not known
8	2008	Ghulkin Glacier lake	Karakoram	Pakistan	Moraine collapse

Table 2. List of some of the glacial lakes in Indian Himalaya. (Source: Bajracharya et al. 2006, Kulkarni 1996^a, Randhawa et al. 2005^b.)

Serial number	River basin/state	Glacial lakes
		Number	Area (km^2)	Dangerous lakes
1	Himachal Pradesh	156	385.22	16
2	Uttarakhand	127	2.49	0
3	Tista river basin	266	20.20	14
4	Sikkim	6	7.6	Not available
5	^aChandra river basin	01	1.04	01
6	^bSatluj river basin	22	1.87	Not available
7	^bChenab river basin	31	2.34	01

Figure 1. Location map of the study area showing the glacier and the glacial lake.

Table 3. Details of the satellite data used in the present study and area (km²) of the lake derived from satellite data.

Serial number	Satellite	Sensor	Spatial resolution (m)	Acquisition date/remarks	Area of the lake (km^2)
1	Landsat-2	MSS	57	10 November 1975	0.17
2	Landsat-5	TM	30	9 October 1989	0.30
3	Landsat-7	ETM+	30	29 September 2000	0.37
4	Resourcesat-1	LISS III	23.5	29 October 2005	0.42
5	Terra	ASTER	∼20 (vertical)	ASTER GDEM

Figure 2. Maps showing the glacial lake at different time periods. (a) 1953 topomap of the glacier. Satellite data showing the growth of the glacial lake in (b) 1975, (c) 1989, (d) 2000 and (e) 2005.

Figure 3. The retreat map of the glacier at different time periods (1975, 1989, 2000, 2005).

Table 4. List of models used for estimation of maximum discharge (Qmax).

Code	Formulae or models	References	Results Qmax (m^3 s^−1)
1	Qmax = 75 V^0.67	Clague and Mathews 1973	196
2	Qmax = 0.72 V^0.53	Evans 1986	15
3	Qmax = 0.0048 V^0.896	Popov 1991	1.7
4	Qmax = 0.00077 V^1.017	Huggel et al. 2002	33