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Original Articles

Glacial lake outburst flood risk assessment using combined approaches of remote sensing, GIS and dam break modelling

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Pages 18-36 | Received 15 Jul 2013, Accepted 01 Nov 2013, Published online: 09 Dec 2013

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study area.

Figure 1. Study area.

Figure 2. Classification of slope at Zemu glacier region, Sikkim, Indian Himalayas.

Figure 2. Classification of slope at Zemu glacier region, Sikkim, Indian Himalayas.

Table 1. Data used.

Figure 3. NDSI image derived from IRS image, with pixel values ranging from −1 to 1.

Figure 3. NDSI image derived from IRS image, with pixel values ranging from −1 to 1.

Figure 4. Glacier map of the area.

Figure 4. Glacier map of the area.

Figure 5. Glacial lakes in the Teesta river basin.

Figure 5. Glacial lakes in the Teesta river basin.

Figure 6. Lakes map overlaid on glacier map.

Figure 6. Lakes map overlaid on glacier map.

Table 2. Eighteen most vulnerable lakes.

Figure 7. Cascaded Lakes 58 and 59 (Google Earth, Digital Globe).

Figure 7. Cascaded Lakes 58 and 59 (Google Earth, Digital Globe).

Figure 8. Presence of supraglacial lakes near a moraine dammed lake.

Figure 8. Presence of supraglacial lakes near a moraine dammed lake.

Figure 9. Area of the lakes.

Figure 9. Area of the lakes.

Figure 10. Distance from the outlet of basin.

Figure 10. Distance from the outlet of basin.

Figure 11. Graph showing percentage change in area since 2009.

Figure 11. Graph showing percentage change in area since 2009.

Figure 12. Lake 140 associated with the Lhonak glacier.

Figure 12. Lake 140 associated with the Lhonak glacier.

Figure 13. Flood hydrograph due to GLOF.

Figure 13. Flood hydrograph due to GLOF.

Table 3. Lake 140 dam breach parameters.

Figure 14. Lake 140, change in extent from 2009 to 2011.

Figure 14. Lake 140, change in extent from 2009 to 2011.

Table 4. Lake 140 extent changes.

Table 5. Flood peak.

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