Emergency preparedness in the case of Makran tsunami: a case study on tsunami risk visualization for the western parts of Gujarat, India

Figures & data

Table 1. Historical tsunami that affected the western coast of India.

No.	Year	Longitude (°E)	Latitude (°N)	Moment magnitude	Tsunami source	Loss of life	Source
		Location
1	326 BC	67.30	24.00		Earthquake
2	1008	60.00^a	25.00^a	?	Earthquake	1000*
		52.3^b	27.7^b
3	1524	Gulf of Cambay			Earthquake
4	1819	Rann of Kutch		7.8	Earthquake	>2000*
5	1883	Krakatau			Volcanic
6	1845	Rann of Kutch		7.0	Earthquake
7	1945	63.00	24.50	8.1	Earthquake	4000*
8	2007	101.36	−4.43	8.4	Earthquake
9	2013	62.26	25.18	7.7	Earthquake
					Volcanic

^aRastogi and Jaiswal (2006).

^bAmbraseys and Melville (1982).

*Both by earthquake and tsunami: Ambraseys and Melville (1982), Bilham (1999), Byrne et al. (1992), Dominey-Howes et al. (2006), Heck (1947); Merewether (1852); Murty and Rafiq (1991), Murty et al. (1999); Okal et al. (2006), Pararas-Carayannis (2006); Pendse (1946), Rastogi and Jaiswal (2006), Quittmeyer and Jacob (1979), Walton (1864), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); United States Geological Survey (USGS); Jaiswal et al. (2011), Jaiswal et al. (2008).

Table 2. Locations and depth of forecast points.

Name of gauge point	Depth of gauge point (m)	Latitude (°N)	Longitude (°E)	Name of gauge point	Depth of gauge point (m)	Latitude (°N)	Longitude (°E)
Kutch, India	0.84	23.1158	68.7153	Muscat, Oman	37.52	23.5919	58.61
Okha, India	0.17	22.4826	69.0647	Sohar, Oman	1.98	24.3535	56.7543
Dwarka, India	5.99	22.2528	68.9445	Pasni, Pakistan	2.96	25.2022	63.4809
Porbandar, India	0.24	21.457	69.7793	Karachi, Pakistan	1.33	24.8351	66.9055
Mumbai, India	0.71	19.1829	72.7854	Karachi, Pakistan	0.6	24.9143	66.6777
Goa, India	0.47	15.5088	73.7597	Ormara, Pakistan	2.24	25.2489	64.5757
Duqm, Oman	1.58	19.6358	57.7365	Jask, Iran	1.1	25.6574	57.7906
Masirah, Oman	2.66	20.2889	58.7791	Chabahar, Iran	1.5	25.2713	60.6373
Sur, Oman	3.74	22.57	59.53

Table 3. The rupture parameter of 1945 Makran earthquake provided by Byrne et al. (1992).

Epicentre of earthquake
Latitude	Longitude	Fault length (km)	Fault width (km)	Strike angle (°)	Rake angle (°)	Dip angle (°)	Slip magnitude (m)	Focal depth (km)
25.15° N	63.48° E	200	100	246	90	7	7	15

Figure 1. Tsunami forecast points indicated by circles, where the time series for tsunami run-up were calculated and presented in figure 7.

Figure 2. Results of the tsunami generation (a) and propagation modelling (b)–(f).

Figure 3. Direction of tsunami's energy propagation.

Figure 4. Tsunami travel time contour map.

Table 4. The maximum tsunami run-up and its arrival time at various forecast points.

Name of gauge point	Depth of gauge point (m)	Latitude (°N)	Longitude (°E)	Time first wave (min)	Time max. wave (min)	+Amplitude (m)	−Amplitude (m)
Kutch, India	0.84	23.1158	68.7153	206.433	211.7	1.21	−0.76
Okha, India	0.17	22.4826	69.0647	187.467	192.3	0.56	−0.4
Dwarka, India	5.99	22.2528	68.9445	146.1	151.467	0.71	−1.13
Porbandar, India	0.24	21.4570	69.7793	159	164.467	1.13	−0.43
Mumbai, India	0.71	19.1829	72.7854	299.367	305.2	0.96	−0.43
Goa, India	0.47	15.5088	73.7597	222.967	227.767	1.01	−0.56
Duqm, Oman	1.58	19.6358	57.7365	117.5	130.167	0.56	−0.46
Masirah, Oman	2.66	20.2889	58.7791	61.333	63.9	0.28	−0.26
Sur, Oman	3.74	22.5700	59.5300	38.033	42.6	1.16	−1.3
Muscat, Oman	37.52	23.5919	58.6100	38.9	42.433	0.53	−0.33
Sohar, Oman	1.98	24.3535	56.7543	78.333	82.067	0.46	−0.42
Pasni, Pakistan	2.96	25.2022	63.4809	0	7.133	1.25	−1.65
Karachi, Pakistan	1.33	24.8351	66.9055	120.733	135.333	0.88	−1.33
Karachi, Pakistan	0.60	24.9143	66.6777	97.2	252.467	1.55	−0.6
Ormara, Pakistan	2.24	25.2489	64.5757	60.6	67.333	1.02	−1.19
Jask, Iran	1.10	25.6574	57.7906	71.333	75.167	0.54	−0.48
Chabahar, Iran	1.50	25.2713	60.6373	32.567	38.233	1.33	−0.92

Figure 5. Bathymetry map in and around the study region.

Figure 6. Maximum calculated tsunami run-up for a tsunami simulation of 360 min.

Figure 7. Time series of the calculated tsunami run-up at several locations along the coast of Iran, Oman, Pakistan and India.

Figure 8. Classification of tsunami risk zone.

Figure 9. Visualization of 3D tsunami risk model of Okha with different viewing angles. To view this figure in colour, please see the online version of the journal.

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