Disasters and earthquake preparedness of children and schools in Istanbul, Turkey

Figures & data

Table 1. Populations of Istanbul between 1927 and 2014 (TUIK 2014a).

Istanbul city
Year	1927	1945	1960	1975	1990	2000	2014
Population	806,863	1078,399	1882,092	3904,588	7195,773	10,018,735	14,377,018

Table 2. Total population of affected provinces, numbers of deaths and injuries in 1999 Kocaeli earthquake.

Province	Total population of the provinces-1997 census	Total population of the provinces-2013 census	Number of deaths	Number of injuries
Bolu	265,612	284,501	--	3
Bursa	1958,529	2726,800	268	2375
Düzce	288,257	350,748	271	1165
Eskisehir	660,843	801,358	86	375
Istanbul	9189,809	14,107,954	981	7263
Kocaeli	1177,379	1667,453	9476	19,447
Sakarya	731,800	914,018	3892	7284
Yalova	163,916	214,826	2506	6042
Total	14,445,145	21,067,658	17,480	43,953

Figure 1. (A) Simplified geological map; (B) The historical development of Istanbul residential areas between 1500s and 2000s.

Figure 2. The map of simplified Neotectonic outlines of Turkey and North Anatolian Fault (NAF) branches around Marmara region (partly adopted by Barka and Kadinsky-Cade (1988) and McClusky et al. (2000)).

Figure 3. The basins in Sea of Marmara (Armijo et al. 2002).

Table 3. The loss of student and teacher and school damages occurred in the last six earthquakes in Turkey.

Location/magnitude	Date	Consequences
Van earthquake (Mw = 7.2)	23 October 2011	More than 80 teachers died in their home. Students were at home because the schools are closed on Sundays. Many of the 500 schools were affected slightly or moderately. Two schools were totally destroyed. Teachers and students suffered from heavy winter conditions. Education was suspended for a few months.
Bingöl earthquake (Mw = 6.4)	1 May 2003	176 deaths; 84 students and 1 teacher died; more than 114 students resided in the dormitory building survived. 4 school buildings collapsed. Damage was moderate in 12 schools and slightly in 10 schools. Education was affected negatively in 90% of all schools.
Sultandag-Cay earthquake, (Afyon, SW Turkey), (Mw = 6.0)	3 February 2002	45 people died, hundreds of buildings were damaged.
Kocaeli earthquake, (eastern Marmara region), (Mw = 7.4)	17 August 1999	Event occurred in the early morning at 3:02 am in Kocaeli and its surroundings. The earthquake felt in Kocaeli, Yalova, Sakarya, Bolu, Zonguldak, Istanbul, Tekirdag, Bursa and Eskisehir. More than 17,000 people died. 43 schools were destroyed. 381 schools were damaged. 22 basic education and 21 secondary schools were damaged beyond repair. The 271 schools were damaged slightly or moderately. The unsafe schools closed for 4 months. Some Schools in Istanbul were also damaged minor or moderately in spite of long distance to the epicentre area. 35 unsafe schools were demolished. 131 schools were closed temporarily. Some schools were rebuilt or retrofitted with support of the World Bank.
Düzce earthquake (eastern Marmara region), (Mw = 7.2)	12 November 1999	The loss of people was about 850. Majority of buildings retrofitted after Kocaeli Earthquake destroyed completely or damaged heavily beyond repair.
Erzincan earthquake, (Eastern Turkey), (Ms = 6.8)	12 March 1992	653 deaths, 43 schools damaged (9 heavily and 34 moderately), 10 dormitory and public housing buildings damaged. 23 student girls died.

Figure 4. The dormitory building of Çeltiksuyu Basic Education School collapsed during the 2003 Bingol earthquake. Eighty-four students and teacher killed.

Figure 5. Celtiksuyu Basic Education School building damaged during the 2003 Bingol earthquake.

Table 4. Provincial distribution of school buildings damaged in the 1999 earthquakes (Özmen 2000).

	Total school buildings			Destroyed school buildings			Damaged school buildings
Location	Basic education schools	Secondary	Technical vocational education	Basic education schools	Secondary	Technical vocational education	Basic education schools	Secondary	Technical vocational education
Bolu	466	18	46	0	1	0	29	1	6
Bursa	731	59	101	1	0	0	24	4	4
Eskisehir	536	36	40	0	0	0	28	6	9
Istanbul	2270	376	226	3	1	0	52	15	11
Kocaeli	472	51	58	9	2	7	72	13	15
Sakarya	500	26	38	7	1	8	33	5	11
Yalova	94	7	16	2	0	1	29	3	7
Total	5069	573	525	22	5	16	267	47	63

Table 5. The distribution of damaged educational institutions based on the Ministry of Education.

		Repair required
Institution	Buildings destroyed or damaged beyond repair	Heavy	Moderate	Minor	Total
Primary schools	63	33	223	831	1087
Private education	--	--	--	2	2
Secondary education	18	8	46	120	174
Female technical education	5	5	16	47	68
Girls' technical education	5	2	9	31	42
Trade and tourism education	1	3	6	25	34
Apprenticeship and non-formal education	4	4	4	25	33
Teachers' guesthouse	3	1	3	11	15
Public housing	1	--	2	5	7
Other	2	4	8	29	41
Total	102	60	317	1126	1503

Source: Investment and Facilities Department of Ministry of Education.

Table 6. The provincial distribution of damages of the educational buildings.

		Repairable
Location	Buildings destroyed or damaged beyond repair	Heavy damage	Moderate damage	Minor damage	Total
Bolu	9	39	48	44	185
Bursa	11	–	10	85	95
Eskisehir	1	–	3	29	32
Istanbul	28	–	99	659	758
Kocaeli	19	16	50	144	210
Sakarya	31	–	86	91	177
Yalova	3	5	21	20	46
Total	102	60	317	1 126	1503

Source: Investment and Facilities Department of Ministry of Education.

Table 7. The provincial distribution of students and teachers died in the 1999 Kocaeli and Düzce earthquakes.

Location	Teachers	Students	Remarks
Kocaeli	85	998	Total of 36 retired teachers died in the Kocaeli and Sakarya districts
Sakarya	27	138	–
Yalova	17	–	–
Düzce		–	–
Bolu	11	24	–
Eskisehir	–	2	–
Bursa	–	7	–
Istanbul	3	109	–
Total	142	1387	13 pre-school, 1073 primary-school and 301 secondary-school students died

Source: Investment and Facilities Department of Ministry of Education.

Table 8. The provincial distribution of prefabricated schools and classrooms which to be built in the temporary housing area of the earthquake region in 1999.

Location	Schools	Classes	Total
Sakarya	12	69	98
Kocaeli	42	159	479
Bolu	2	32	32
Total	56	260	609

Source: Investment and Facilities Department of Ministry of Education.

Table 9. The distribution of damaged school buildings.

Location	School building destroyed or damaged	Remarks	School building retrofitted	School building newly built or rebuilt	Remarks
Kocaeli	242	163 minor	25	33	All school buildings were repaired, retrofitted or rebuilt
		21 moderate
		16 heavy
		25 destroyed
Sakarya	177	91 minor	23	16 Primary and 7 secondary-school buildings were rebuilt
		86 moderate
		31 destroyed or demolished
Yalova	46	6 minor	28	31	14 new schools were built, 17 schools buildings were demolished and rebuilt
		24 moderate
		5 heavy
		3 destroyed or demolished
Düzce	94	63 minor	15	114 (56+58)	56 schools buildings rebuilt with concrete and steel-constructed frames. 58 new schools built.
		14 moderate
		17 destroyed or demolished
Bolu	185	44 minor	18	–	66 schools buildings repaired out of the 78 with minor damage
		48 moderate
		39 heavy
		9 destroyed or demolished
Bursa	95	85 minor
		10 moderate
		11 destroyed or demolished
Eskisehir	32	29 minor	13	1	1 secondary-school buildings was rebuilt
		3 moderate
		1 demolished beyond repair
Istanbul	758	659 minor	399	220	84 retrofitted, 175 rebuilt between 1999 and 2006, 315 retrofitted, 45 rebuilt after 2006
		99 moderate
		28 destroyed or demolished

Note: This table has been prepared based on results of personal communications with provincial state education departments located in an every province.

Table 10. Schools and Istanbul seismic risk mitigation and emergency preparedness project (ISMEP).

Total schools checked out	2707
The total number of students	2323,628
Schools checked out with seismic resistant test	1783
Dormitories checked out with seismic resistant test	55
Dormitory blocks which would be retrofitted	23
Number of schools planned for retrofitting	598
Damaged schools which would be retrofitted up to 2010	505
Budget for schools supported by World Bank	US$144 million
Budget for dormitories supported by World Bank	US$9 million

Source: Governorship of Istanbul (2009).

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