The spatial-temporal patterns of heatwave hazard impacts on wheat in northern China under extreme climate scenarios

Figures & data

Figure 1. The study area and its location in China. Source: http://nfgis.nsdi.gov.cn, http://nfgis.nsdi.gov.cn/nfgis/chinese/cxz.htm.

Table 1. The studied phase of the wheat heatwave hazard in each wheat-planting region in northern China.

Wheat-planting region	Heading date (day of year)	Maturation date (day of year)	Length of growth period (days)
Huang-Huai winter wheat region	109	156	48
Qinghai-Tibet spring and winter wheat region	152	258	107
North winter wheat region	124	171	48
Northwest spring wheat region	171	217	47
South Xinjiang winter wheat region	121	171	51
North spring wheat region	171	222	52
North Xinjiang spring wheat region	171	217	47
Northeast spring wheat region	171	213	43

Table 2. Heatwave hazard indicators.

Heatwave hazard indicators	Abbreviation	Unit	Definition
Heatwave frequency	HF	Times	Frequency of heatwave
Heatwave days	HD	D	Accumulated days of daily maximum temperature reaching or exceeding the high-temperature threshold for 3 consecutive days or more
Heatwave intensity	HI	°C	Accumulation of the maximum temperature exceeding the high-temperature threshold during heatwave events

Figure 2. Spatial Distribution of the HF in northern China (a. 2011–2040; b. 2041–2070; c. 2071–2099).

Figure 3. Spatial distribution of HD in northern China (a. 2011–2040; b. 2041–2070; c. 2071–2099).

Figure 4. Spatial distribution of HI in northern China (a. 2011–2040; b. 2041–2070; c. 2071–2099).

Figure 5. Temporal variations in heatwave impacts on wheat in northern China.

Figure 6. Provincial temporal variation in HF in northern China.

Figure 7. Provincial temporal variation in HD in northern China.

Figure 8. Provincial temporal variation in HI in northern China.