Study on the seismic lethal level of buildings and seismic disaster risk in Guangzhou, China

Figures & data

Table 1. Data resource and description.

Name	Time	Resolution	Source	Data description
Peak ground acceleration	China Earthquake Parameter Zoning Map GB18306-2015	Township level	China Earthquake Parameter Zoning Map	The 50a exceedance probability, 10% exceedance probability (that is, the recurrence period of the earthquake is 475 years).
Loss of data	1967-2014	Single earthquake	China Earthquake Disaster Loss Assessment Report	Earthquake occurrence time, magnitude, latitude and longitude, number of casualties, population density, mortality rate, etc.
population	2020	0.1 km*0.1 km	World pop project	The community standard of the world population distribution is the data with the highest resolution of the world population distribution.
Regional lethality level	2020	Township grid level	Field investigation	The lethality level results are obtained based on field investigations.
Mortality rate	2020	Lethal level and intensity	Xia et al. 2020	Based on the lethality matrix, obtained mortality data of different intensity under different lethal levels.

Figure 1. Results of the population grid distribution in the study area (0.1 km*0.1 km).

Figure 2. Technical process of the earthquake disaster risk assessment method based on the lethal level.

Table 2. Matrix based on the lethal level and intensity.

No	Lethal level	Mortality rate of each intensity
		VI	VII	VIII	IX	X	XI
1	0-5%	0.0000005	0.0000054	0.0000538	0.0005382	0.0053817	0.0538175
2	5-15%	0.0000011	0.0000102	0.0000542	0.0019236	0.0160393	0.1148306
3	15-25%	0.0000022	0.0000140	0.0000802	0.0024175	0.0208464	0.1476940
4	25-35%	0.0000028	0.0000193	0.0001187	0.0030381	0.0270941	0.1658035
5	35-45%	0.0000036	0.0000265	0.0001756	0.0038181	0.0352142	0.1826483
6	45-55%	0.0000047	0.0000365	0.0002599	0.0047983	0.0457680	0.2012044
7	55-65%	0.0000060	0.0000502	0.0003845	0.0060301	0.0594847	0.2216456
8	65-75%	0.0000078	0.0000690	0.0005689	0.0075782	0.0773124	0.2441637
9	75-85%	0.0000101	0.0000949	0.0008418	0.0095237	0.1004830	0.2585556
10	85-95%	0.0000131	0.0001305	0.0012456	0.0119687	0.1305980	0.2828812
11	95-100%	0.0000169	0.0001794	0.0018431	0.0150414	0.1697384	0.3094955

Table 3. The interval and influencing factors of the lethal level of buildings.

Building structure type			Lethal level range
Building Type	Secondary classification	Influencing factors
Steel structure		Construction measures, foundation type, construction time, use type	0.05-0.15
Reinforced concrete structure	RCa	Structural measures, foundation type, construction time, height	0.1-0.3
	RCb
Wood structure	Wa	Structural measures, foundation type, construction time, structural style	0.2-0.4
	Wb
Brick-concrete structure	Ba (Fortified)	Structural measures, foundation type, construction time, use type, height,	0.25-0.7
	Bb (Nonfortified)
Brick-wood structure		Structural measures, foundation type, construction time, structural style	0.6-0.9
Civil structure		Construction measures, foundation type, construction time, building materials	0.7-0.95
Stone and wood structure		Wall type, foundation type, construction time, building materials	0.55-0.9
Adobe structure		Wall type, foundation type, construction time, building materials	0.85-1

Instruction: The construction materials of civil structures mainly include bamboo, wood, rammed earth, straw, hay, adobe bricks and tiles. The structural form commonly used in rural residential houses is that bamboo strips are used instead of steel bars, and clay (some of which will be mixed with straw) instead of concrete is tamped to make the walls of houses. Various types of houses in various architectural forms (https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%9C%9F%E6%9C%A8%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84/405111).

Figure 3. Distribution map of field survey points in Guangzhou city.

Table 4. Types and specific characteristics of buildings in Guangzhou.

Building type		Field research pictures		Specific characteristics
Brick-wood structure	a			A 24 cm wall, the bonding material is cement mortar or lime mortar, and the gravel foundation is approximately 1 m.
	b			An 18 cm wall, the bonding material is lime mortar or loess mud, and the gravel foundation is approximately 1 m.
Brick-concrete structures	a			There are ring beams, structural columns, a cast-in-place roof, a 24 cm wall, and a 1.5 m reinforced concrete foundation.
	b			There are ring beams, structural columns, a prefabricated slab roof, a 24 cm wall, and a 1.5 m brick foundation.
	c			With ring beams, no structural columns, a cast-in-place roof, a 24 cm wall, and an approximately 1.5 m concrete foundation or brick foundation.
	d			There are ring beams, no structural columns, a prefabricated slab roof, 24 cm wall, and 1.5 m brick foundation.
	e			No ring beams, no structural columns, a prefabricated slab roof, a 24 cm wall, and a 1.5 m brick foundation.
Reinforced concrete structure				Standard frame structure, concrete frame, complete beam and column system, and concrete foundation.
Civil structure				Without wooden pillar support, the roof is a sloping roof, the walls are mud bricks or adobe walls, and the soil is bonded or unbonded.
				Small space between buildings, many external hanging objects and ancillary structures.

Figure 4. Distribution of lethality levels based on field survey results.

Figure 5. The log cumulative normal distribution of the lethal level in urban and rural areas.

Table 5. Calculation results of the lethal level in various townships in Guangzhou.

No.	Location	Urban level	Urban coefficient	Rural level	Rural coefficient	Lethal level
1	Timian Town, Huadu District	0.5155	0.2667	0.577	0.7333	0.560598
2	Shiling Town, Huadu District	0.365	0.3	0.475	0.7	0.442
3	Chini Town, Huadu District	0.5925	0.058	0.6425	0.942	0.6396
4	Xinya Street, Huadu District	0.48	0.4324	0.435	0.5676	0.454458
5	Xinhua Street, Huadu District	0.49125	0.4915	0.485	0.5085	0.488072
6	Xiuquan Street, Huadu District	0.2	0.1855	0.4925	0.8145	0.438241
7	Tanbu Town, Huadu District	0.57	0.306	0.6775	0.694	0.644605
8	Huadong Town, Huadu District	0.28	0.2	0.455	0.8	0.42
9	Huashan Town, Huadu District	0.28	0.2	0.414	0.8	0.3872
10	Huacheng Street, Huadu District	0.26	0.4	0.405	0.6	0.347
11	Chengjiao Street, Conghua District	0.358	0.2	0.4825	0.8	0.4576
12	Aotou Town, Conghua District	0.266	0.2	0.505	0.8	0.4572
13	Taiping Town, Conghua District	0.2415	0.2	0.4375	0.8	0.3983
14	Liangkou Town, Conghua District	0.32	0.2	0.64	0.8	0.576
15	Lvtian Town, Conghua District	0.48	0.1	0.49	0.9	0.489
16	Wenquan Town, Conghua District	0.37	0.06	0.51	0.94	0.5016
17	Jiangpu Street, Conghua District	0.32	0.8	0.31	0.2	0.318
18	Jiekou Street, Conghua District	0.44	0.65	0.39	0.35	0.4225
19	Shijing Street, Baiyun District	0.285	0.2	0.336	0.8	0.3258
20	Shimen Street, Baiyun District	0.268	0.2	0.268	0.8	0.268
21	Baiyunhu Street, Baiyun District	0.268	0.4	0.285	0.6	0.2782
22	Jiahe Street, Baiyun District	0.2655	0.2	0.271625	0.8	0.2704
23	Junhe Street, Baiyun District	0.25775	0.2	0.272	0.8	0.26915
24	Yongping Street, Baiyun District	0.253	0.2	0.2675	0.8	0.2646
25	Longgui Street, Baiyun District	0.53	0.25	0.455	0.75	0.47375
26	Jianggao Town, Baiyun District	0.3875	0.11	0.3675	0.89	0.3697
27	Renhe Town, Baiyun District	0.37	0.12	0.4245	0.88	0.41796
28	Dayuan Street, Baiyun District	0.25	0.4	0.36	0.6	0.316
29	Taihe Town, Baiyun District	0.24	0.3	0.49	0.7	0.415
30	Zhongluotan Town, Baiyun District	0.57	0.5	0.57	0.5	0.57
31	Yuncheng Street, Baiyun District	0.36	0.5	0.36	0.5	0.36
32	Huangshi Street, Baiyun District	0.37	0.5	0.37	0.5	0.37
33	Helong Street, Baiyun District	0.25	0.5	0.25	0.5	0.25
34	Sanyuanli Street, Baiyun District	0.277	0.2	0.2565	0.8	0.2606
35	Tangjing Street, Baiyun District	0.25675	0.2	0.25675	0.8	0.25675
36	Tongde Street, Baiyun District	0.2675	0.2	0.2515	0.8	0.2547
37	Jinsha Street, Baiyun District	0.2675	0.2	0.333	0.8	0.3199
38	Songzhou Street, Baiyun District	0.2675	0.2	0.4425	0.8	0.4075
39	Jingxi Street, Baiyun District	0.2	0.0625	0.317	0.9375	0.309688
40	Tonghe Street, Baiyun District	0.2	0.67	0.24	0.33	0.2132
41	Jingtai Street, Baiyun District	0.25	0.11	0.3592	0.89	0.347188
42	Longhu Street, Huangpu District	0.2	0.7283	0.5175	0.2717	0.286265
43	Xinlong Town, Huangpu District	0.2	0.9189	0.5645	0.0811	0.229561
44	Jiufo Street, Huangpu District	0.2	1			0.2
45	Lianhe Street, Huangpu District	0.2	0.2417	0.26125	0.7583	0.246446
46	Changling Street, Huangpu District	0.2	0.82	0.445	0.18	0.2441
47	Yuzhu Street, Huangpu District	0.24	0.2	0.25	0.8	0.248
48	Huangpu Street, Huangpu District	0.25	0.2	0.487	0.8	0.4396
49	Changzhou Street, Huangpu District	0.285	0.2	0.404	0.8	0.3802
50	Hongshan Street, Huangpu District	0.25	0.9	0.474375	0.1	0.272438
51	Wenchong Street, Huangpu District	0.25	0.9	0.35	0.1	0.26
52	Dasha Street, Huangpu District	0.25	0.9	0.37375	0.1	0.262375
53	Suidong Street, Huangpu District	0.284	1			0.284
54	Xiagang Street, Huangpu District	0.2775	1			0.2775
55	Nangang Street, Huangpu District	0.35875	1			0.35875
56	Yunpu Street, Huangpu District	0.15	0.714286	0.3	0.285714	0.192857
57	Yonghe Street, Huangpu District	0.1	0.714286	0.39	0.29	0.184529
58	Luogang Street, Huangpu District	0.15	0.5	0.25	0.5	0.2
59	Xiaolou Town, Zengcheng District	0.32	0.2	0.3875	0.8	0.374
60	Paitan Town, Zengcheng District	0.38	0.2	0.44	0.8	0.428
61	Zhengguo Town, Zengcheng District	0.425	0.2	0.416	0.8	0.4178
62	Xintang Town, Zengcheng District	0.152	0.65	0.37	0.35	0.2283
63	Xiancun Town, Zengcheng District	0.41	0.074	0.545	0.926	0.53501
64	Shitan Town, Zengcheng District	0.2525	0.25	0.6713	0.75	0.5666
65	Yongning Street, Zengcheng District			0.3575	1	0.3575
66	Ningxi Street, Zengcheng District			0.455	1	0.455
67	Zhongxin Town, Zengcheng District			0.44	1	0.44
68	Lihu Street, Zengcheng District	0.15	0.888889	0.51	0.111111	0.19
69	Zengjiang Street, Zengcheng District	0.31	0.446809	0.69	0.55	0.518011
70	Zhucun Street, Zengcheng District	0.299	0.23196	0.42025	0.76804	0.392125
71	Licheng Street, Zengcheng District	0.3	0.2	0.63	0.8	0.564
72	Hualong Town, Panyu District	0.4225	0.2222	0.59625	0.7778	0.557643
73	Shilou Town, Panyu District	0.26	0.4267	0.3931	0.5733	0.336306
74	Shiji Town, Panyu District	0.3	0.08	0.405	0.92	0.3966
75	Nancun Town, Panyu District	0.46	0.2758	0.3725	0.7242	0.396633
76	Xinzao Town, Panyu District	0.495	0.12	0.37	0.88	0.385
77	Xiaoguwei Street, Panyu District	0.395	0.1	0.295	0.9	0.305
78	Zhongcun Street, Panyu District			0.285	1	0.285
79	Shatou Street, Panyu District			0.315	1	0.315
80	Shawan Town, Panyu District			0.3975	1	0.3975
81	Donghuan Street, Panyu District	0.4735	0.8	0.3939	0.2	0.45758
82	Shiqiao Street, Panyu District	0.4825	0.8	0.48	0.2	0.482
83	Dalong Street, Panyu District	0.412	0.2	0.34975	0.8	0.3622
84	Qiaonan Street, Panyu District	0.4645	0.2	0.46945	0.8	0.46846
85	Dashi Street, Panyu District	0.307	0.7314	0.5106	0.2686	0.361687
86	Shibi Street, Panyu District	0.2856	0.1	0.2856	0.9	0.2856
87	Luopu Street, Panyu District	0.15	0.6	0.29125	0.4	0.2065
88	Dongyong Town, Nansha District	0.3	0.1737	0.4075	0.8263	0.388827
89	Huangge Town, Nansha District	0.24	0.2273	0.3975	0.7727	0.3617
90	Nansha Street, Nansha District	0.22	0.046	0.36	0.954	0.35356
91	Wanqingsha Town, Nansha District	0.5837	0.1	0.5837	0.9	0.5837
92	Zhujiang Street, Nansha District	0.6072	0.9	0.6072	0.1	0.6072
93	Longxue Street, Nansha District	0.15	0.7	0.4538	0.3	0.24114
94	Lanhe Town, Nansha District	0.4175	0.2179	0.475	0.7821	0.462471
95	Dagang Town, Nansha District	0.25	0.2308	0.5012	0.7692	0.443223
96	Hengli Town, Nansha District	0.295	0.175	0.52	0.825	0.480625
97	Shayuan Street, Nansha District	0.45	0.1175	0.4375	0.8825	0.438969
98	Huazhou Street, Haizhu District			0.319	1	0.319
99	Guanzhou Street, Haizhu District			0.32875	1	0.32875
100	Pazhou Street, Haizhu District	0.15	0.9	0.59	0.1	0.194
101	Chigang Street, Haizhu District	0.48	0.8	0.49	0.2	0.482
102	Nanzhou Street, Haizhu District	0.46	0.8	0.50725	0.2	0.46945
103	Jianghai Street, Haizhu District	0.415	0.8	0.41275	0.2	0.41455
104	Ruibao Street, Haizhu District	0.2	0.0238	0.36	0.9762	0.356192
105	Nanshitou Street, Haizhu District	0.21	0.039	0.555	0.961	0.541545
106	Nanhuaxi Street, Haizhu District	0.74	0.5	0.68	0.5	0.71
107	Haizhuang Street, Haizhu District	0.66	0.5	0.63	0.5	0.645
108	Fengyang Street, Haizhu District	0.3295	0.9	0.3295	0.1	0.3295
109	Changgang Street, Haizhu District	0.2375	0.7945	0.4285	0.2055	0.276751
110	Jiangnanzhong Street, Haizhu District	0.45775	0.9	0.7111	0.1	0.483085
111	Xingang Street, Haizhu District	0.59	0.2	0.525	0.8	0.538
112	Sushe Street, Haizhu District	0.44	0.2	0.4875	0.8	0.478
113	Binjiang Street, Haizhu District	0.45	0.2	0.565	0.8	0.542
114	Longfeng Street, Haizhu District	0.55	0.0769	0.675	0.9231	0.665388
115	Zhuguang Street, Yuexiu District	0.4026	0.9	0.4026	0.1	0.4026
116	Renmin Street, Yuexiu District	0.47125	0.9	0.47125	0.1	0.47125
117	Guangta Street, Yuexiu District	0.39385	0.9	0.39385	0.1	0.39385
118	Huanghuagang Street, Yuexiu District	0.2584	1			0.2584
119	Huale Street, Yuexiu District	0.375	1			0.375
120	Dengfeng Street, Yuexiu District	0.2633	1			0.2633
121	Liurong Street, Yuexiu District	0.265	0.2	0.26	0.8	0.261
122	Liuhua Street, Yuexiu District	0.45	0.6	0.25	0.4	0.37
123	Kuangquan Street, Yuexiu District	0.31	0.2	0.347	0.8	0.3396
124	Baiyun Street, Yuexiu District	0.27	0.7	0.28	0.3	0.273
125	Dongshan Street, Yuexiu District	0.55	0.3	0.72	0.7	0.669
126	Dadong Street, Yuexiu District	0.41725	1			0.41725
127	Nonglin Street, Yuexiu District	0.2605	0.2	0.31	0.8	0.3001
128	Hongqiao Street, Yuexiu District	0.4488	0.8	0.378	0.2	0.43464
129	Beijing Street, Yuexiu District	0.44875	0.8	0.4165	0.2	0.4423
130	Jianshe Street, Yuexiu District	0.505	0.8	0.421	0.2	0.4882
131	Huangcun Street, Tianhe District	0.253	0.0727	0.3625	0.9273	0.354539
132	Zhuji Street, Tianhe District	0.399	0.0468	0.35	0.9532	0.352293
133	Qianjin Street, Tianhe District	0.3745	0.0615	0.4264	0.9385	0.423208
134	Yuancun Street, Tianhe District	0.46	0.2	0.4675	0.8	0.466
135	Tianyuan Street, Tianhe District	0.265	0.2	0.25	0.8	0.253
136	Chebei Street, Tianhe District	0.33625	0.2	0.3385	0.8	0.33805
137	Xiancun Street, Tianhe District	0.2	0.073	0.2325	0.927	0.230128
138	Liede Street, Tianhe District	0.2	0.052	0.25	0.948	0.2474
139	Tianhenan Street, Tianhe District	0.2025	0.9107	0.433	0.0893	0.223084
140	Shipai Street, Tianhe District	0.33625	0.2	0.33175	0.8	0.33265
141	Wushan Street, Tianhe District	0.204	0.2	0.325	0.8	0.3008
142	Tangxia Street, Tianhe District	0.27	0.2	0.3295	0.8	0.3176
143	Shadong Street, Tianhe District	0.31	0.2748	0.3	0.7252	0.302748
144	Shahe Street, Tianhe District	0.43	0.052	0.471	0.948	0.468868
145	Linhe Street, Tianhe District	0.25	0.9819	0.41725	0.0181	0.253027
146	Xintang Street, Tianhe District	0.2	0.0805	0.3237	0.9195	0.313742
147	Longdong Street, Tianhe District	0.3	0.1325	0.3	0.8675	0.3
148	Fenghuang Street, Tianhe District	0.371	0.1333	0.395	0.8667	0.391801
149	Meihuacun Street, Liwan District	0.3425	0.065	0.48	0.935	0.471063
150	Shiweitang Street, Liwan District	0.31	0.5	0.42	0.5	0.365
151	Huadi Street, Liwan District	0.33	0.5	0.63	0.5	0.48
152	Changhua Street, Liwan District	0.5888	0.9	0.5888	0.1	0.5888
153	Duobao Street, Liwan District	0.64281	0.9	0.64281	0.1	0.64281
154	Qiaozhong Street, Liwan District	0.155	0.501	0.3554	0.499	0.255
155	Shamian Street, Liwan District	0.2975	1			0.2975
156	Lingnan Street, Liwan District	0.605	0.2	0.575	0.8	0.581
157	Longjin Street, Liwan District	0.2925	1			0.2925
158	Hualin Street, Liwan District	0.525	0.2	0.545	0.8	0.541
159	Fengyuan Street, Liwan District	0.4848	0.8	0.569	0.2	0.50164
160	Jinhua Street, Liwan District	0.39	0.8	0.4225	0.2	0.3965
161	Caihong Street, Liwan District	0.4875	0.8	0.5158	0.2	0.49316
162	Zhanqian Street, Liwan District	0.4083	1			0.4083
163	Xicun Street, Liwan District	0.5125	1			0.5125
164	Nanyuan Street, Liwan District	0.485	1			0.485
165	Dongnao Street, Liwan District	0.2	0.1	0.3225	0.9	0.31025
166	Zhongnan Street, Liwan District	0.425	0.3	0.39	0.7	0.4005
167	Hailong Street, Liwan District	0.41	0.4	0.46	0.6	0.44
168	Baihedong Street, Liwan District	0.492	0.8	0.554	0.2	0.5044
169	Dongsha Street, Liwan District	0.37	0.8	0.36225	0.2	0.36845
170	Chongkou Street, Liwan District	0.437	0.8	0.479	0.2	0.4454
171	Chajiao Street, Liwan District	0.53	0.3	0.507	0.7	0.5139

Figure 6. Fitting results of the overall lethal level of urban areas, rural areas and each town.

Figure 7. Grid assessment results of earthquake lethal risk in Guangzhou with different intensity (a: the risk result when the study area suffers from an intensity of VI; b: the risk result when the study area suffers from an intensity of VI; c: the risk result when the study area suffers from an intensity of VI; d: the risk result when the study area suffers from an intensity of VI; e: the risk result when the study area suffers from an intensity of VI; f: the risk result when the study area suffers from an intensity of VI).

Figure 8. PGA distribution results in Guangzhou.

Figure 9. The grid distribution results of the mortality rate of various townships in Guangzhou.

Figure 10. Grid assessment results of earthquake lethal risk in Guangzhou.

Xia C, Gaozhong N, Xiwei F, Junxue Z, Huayue L, Xiaoke P. 2020. Research on the rapid assessment of earthquake casualties based on the anti-lethal levels of buildings, Geomatics. Nat Hazards Risk. 11(1):377–398.

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Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, Chaoxu Xia, upon reasonable request.